Term
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Definition
the capacity to do work or supply heat
(See page(s) 152) |
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form of energy describing movement against a restraining force. Mathematically, work is equal to the force multiplied by the distance over which the motion occurs.
(See page(s) 152) |
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energy that flows from a hotter to a colder object
(See page(s) 152) |
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property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow
(See page(s) 152) |
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formerly defined as the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of exactly 1 g of water by 1°C. Now redefined as exactly 4.184 J. 1
(See page(s) 52) |
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| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
the statement that energy is neither created nor destroyed, also called the law of conservation of energy
(See page(s) 153) |
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Definition
energy that is stored. Also called the energy of position.
(See page(s) 153) |
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energy of motion
(See page(s) 153) |
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randomness in position or energy level
(See page(s) 157) |
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| second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
the statement that the entropy of the universe is constantly increasing
(See page(s) 157) |
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Definition
chemical process in which a fuel combines rapidly with oxygen to release energy and form products
(See page(s) 29,158) |
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term applied to any chemical or physical change accompanied by the release of heat
(See page(s) 158) |
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device with which the quantity of heat energy released in a combustion reaction can be determined experimentally
(See page(s) 158) |
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Definition
quantity of heat energy given off when a specified amount of a substance burns in oxygen
(See page(s) 159) |
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Definition
term applied to any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy
(See page(s) 160) |
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Definition
amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a specific chemical bond
(See page(s) 160) |
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process by which humans and animals exchange the oxygen necessary for metabolism with the carbon dioxide produced by it
(See page(s) 166) |
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compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon
(See page(s) 28, 171) |
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a hydrocarbon with only single bonds between the carbon atoms
(See page(s) 171) |
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Definition
separation process in which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors of the various components are condensed and collected
(See page(s) 171, 230) |
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Definition
chemical process by which large molecules are broken into smaller ones, such as those suitable for use in gasoline
(See page(s) 174) |
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Term
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Definition
heating of starting materials to a high temperature
(See page(s) 175) |
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Definition
catalysts used to promote molecular breakdown at lower temperatures than thermal cracking
(See page(s) 175) |
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Definition
molecules with the same chemical formula (same number and kinds of atoms), but with different structures and properties
(See page(s) 175, 408) |
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Definition
blends of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons with added oxygen-containing compounds such as MTBE, ethanol, or methanol (CH3OH)
(See page(s) 177) |
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Term
| reformulated gasolines (RFGs) |
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Definition
oxygenated gasolines that also contain a lower percentage of certain more volatile hydrocarbons such as benzene found in nonoxygenated conventional gasoline
(See page(s) 177) |
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Definition
energy necessary to initiate a chemical reaction
(See page(s) 179) |
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general term for plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops or other biological material
(See page(s) 179) |
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