1. All living cells are composed of one or more cells.

2. Cells are the smallest unit of life

3. New cells only come from pre-existing cells

Cell Wall - Protects cell/ acts as filter

Membrane - barrier between cell and enviroment

Nuclueus - Controls cell activites

Mitochondion - breaks down sugar molecules

ribosome - produces proteins

E.R - Carries materials through cell

Explain the relationship between the surface area and the volume:

1. Lowering the required energy

2. decreasing the reaction time

3. Increasing the amount of  chemical reactions

1. Glycolsis: 2 pryuvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

2. Breakdown of pyruvate: 2 c02, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA

3. Citric Acid Cycle: 4 C02; 2 ATP; 6 NADH, FADH20

4. Oxidative Phosporlation: ATP, 2 H20

5.Phosphorlation / Fermintation: ATP/NAD

(Destructive)

Breakdown cellular components

(Constructive)

Synthesis cellular components

Bacteria and Archaea:

Inside membrane: cytoplasm, nucleiod region (where DNA is), ribosomes

Outside membrane: Cell wall, glycocalyx (traps water), appendages

Dna is housed inside membrane-bound nucleus

Has compartmentalized functions

Membrande-bound compartments.

each has a unique structure and function

Shape, size and organization of cells cary

differences between species

differences between specialized cell types

The proteome largely determines the characteristics of a cell.

Through different proteomes, cells can make different types of cells

structure determines function

Network of three types of proteins:

microtubeles - long hollow cylindrical structure

intermediate fillaments - medium size

Actin fillaments - long thin fibers

Use ATP as a source of energy for movement

Three domains of head, hinge, tail.

Protein structure, usually longer cilia used for moving cell around.

Cilia

tend to cover all or part of the cell surface.

used for moving cells around.

Chromosomes: composed of DNA and proteins

Nuclear Matrix = fillamentous network organizes chromosomes

Ribosome assembly: occurs in the nucleus

Network of membrans that form flattened fluid filled tubules of cisternae

ER membrane encloses a single compartment

Rough ER: helps with protein synthesis and sorting

Smooth ER: used in detox

Also called the golgi body,golgi complex

Stack or flattened membrane-bounded compartments

vedicles transport materials between stacks

Digestive enzyme used to kill pathogens

membrane transport

cell signaling

cell adhesion

used to make ATP

contains its own DNA and divides by primary fission

Photosynthesis is used to create

contains own DNA, divides by binary fission

The framework of the membrane is the phospholipid bilayer

Hydrophobic region faces in

Hydrophillic region face out

membranes are semi fluid

lipis can rotate freely around their long axis

certain lipids associate strongly with each other to form lipid rafts

lipids float together as unit within the larger sea of lipids in the membrane

In eukaryotes the cytosol and endomembrane work together to make lipids

fatty acid building blocks

Most transmembrane proteins are directed to the ER mebrane first.

From the ER, membrane proteins can be transferred via vesicles to other membranes of the cell

Tonicity

Trnasmembrane gradient - concentration of a solute is higher on one side of a membrane than the other

Ion electrochemical gradient - both an electrical gradient and chemical gradient

when water moves its called osmosis

if the solute cannot move, water movement can make the cell shrink or swell

Channels - often passageway for direct difussion of ions

transporters - transport solute across membranes

uniporter - one molecule or ion gets moved " in or out" of cell

Symporter - two or more ions moved in the same direction

Antiporter - two or more ions in opposite direction

requires energy, moving against gradient

move against "charge , concnetration"

Receptor mediated endocytosis,

pinocytosis,

phagocytosis