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| elements that make up living organisms |
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organic chemistry
organic/inorganic compounds |
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branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds
organic= those arising in living organisms
inorganic= found only in the nonliving world
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| belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws |
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| view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena, including the processes of life |
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| can branch out in 4 diff directions showing its versatility that makes large, complex molecules possible...Carbon exhibits this |
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| oranic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
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| compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but diff structures and hence diff properties |
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| differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms |
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geometric isomers
Cis/ trans isomers |
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have same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangements
cis= both X's on the same side of the double bond
trans= X's on opposite sides of the double bond |
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| isomers that are mirror images of each other |
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| functional groups (7 main one's) |
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| the chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions |
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(-OH) alcohols: name ends in -ol
-is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom
-can form hydrogen bonds with wawter molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars |
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(>C=O) ketones: if w/in carbon skeleton; aldehydes: if at end of carbon skeleton
-a ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers w/ diff properties
-these two groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to ketoses and aldoses |
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(-COOH; -C<=O,-OH) carboxylic acids
-has acidic properties (is a source of hydrogen ions) b/c the covalent bond btwn oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
-found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion |
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(-NH2) amines
-acts as a base; can pick up H+ from the surrounding solution
-ionized with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions |
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(-SH/-HS) Thiols
-two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond; this "cross-linking" helps stabilize protein structure
-"cross-linking" of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness/ straightness of hair |
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(-OPO32-) organic phosphates
-contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part
-has the potential to react with water, releasing energy |
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(-CH3) methylated compounds
-addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects expression of genes
-arrangement of methyl groups in male + female sex hormones affects their shape and function |
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ATP: complicated organic phosphate that stores energy; aka storing the potential to react with water
-3 phosphates joined to adenosine |
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