Term
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Definition
1. ventilation: the movement of air or water through a specialized gas exchange organ, such as lungs or gills
2. gas exchange: the diffusion of O2 & CO2 between air or water & the blood at the respiratory surface
3. circulation: the transport of dissolved O2 & CO2 throughout the body - along with nutrients, wastes, & other types of molecules - via the circulatory system
4. cellular respiration: the cell's use of O2 & the production of CO2 |
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| the collection of cells, tissues, & organs responsible for gas exchange between the individual animal & its environment |
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| moves O2, CO2, & other materials around the body |
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| the pressure of a particular gas in a mixture of gases |
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| 4 factors that determine the amount of gas that dissolves in water |
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Definition
1. solubility of the gas in water
2. temperature of the water
3. presence of other solutes
4. partial pressure of the gas in contact with the water |
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Definition
the rate of diffusion of a gas depends on five parameters:
1. the solubility of the gas in the aqueous film lining the gas exchange surface
2. the temperature
3. the surface area available for diffusion
4. the difference in partial pressure of the gas across the gas exchange surface
5. the thickness of the barrier to diffusion |
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| 3 conditions at which Fick's laws states that gases will diffuse at the highest rates |
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Definition
1. a large area is available for gas exchange
2. the respiratory surface is extremely thin
3. the partial pressure gradient of the gas across the surface is large |
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Definition
| the stiff flap of tissue that covers the gills |
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Definition
| long, thin structures that extend from each gill arch |
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Definition
| sheetlike structures that compose gill filaments |
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Definition
| air-filled tubes located within the body of insects |
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Definition
| openings through which tracheae connect to the exterior which can be closed to minimize the loss of water by evaporation (in insects) |
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Definition
| a tube that carries the inhaled air to bronchi |
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Definition
| narrower tubes that branch off into the bronchioles |
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Definition
| internal organs that are used for gas exchange |
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| tiny sacs into which the lungs of mammals are divided |
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Definition
| air passages that are not lined by a respiratory surface |
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| 4 steps for the ventilation of birds |
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Definition
1. during inhalation, air flows through the trachea & enters two large air sacs posterior to the lungs
2. during exhalation, air leaves the posterior air sacs & enters tiny, branching airways, called parabronchi, in the posterior portion of the lungs
3. during the next inhalation, air moves into the parabronchi in the anterior part of the lungs & on to a system of air sacs anterior to the lungs
4. during the next exhalation, air moves out of the anterior sacs, through the trachea, & out to the atmosphere |
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Definition
| the extracellular matrix that composes 50-65% of the blood volume in an average human |
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Term
| 3 formed elements in blood |
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Definition
1. platelets: cell fragments that act to minimize blood loss from ruptured blood vessels
2. white blood cells: part of the immune system
3. red blood cells: transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body |
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Definition
| the oxygen-carrying molecule found in mammalian red blood cells |
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Definition
| nonprotein group to which each of the four polypeptide chains in hemoglobin bind |
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Definition
| the binding of each successive oxygen molecule to a subunit of the hemoglobin molecule causes a conformational change in the protein that makes the remaining subunits much more likely to bind oxygen |
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| 2 reasons why the carbonic anhydrase activity is so important in red blood cells |
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Definition
1. the protons produced by the enzyme-catalyzed reaction induce the Bohr shift, which makes hemoglobin more likely to release oxygen
2. the partial pressure of CO2 in blood drops when carbon dioxide is converted to soluble bicarbonate ions, maintaining a strong partial pressure gradient favoring the entry of CO2 into red blood cells |
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Definition
| a compound that minimizes changes in pH |
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Definition
| a fluid connective tissue called hemolymph is actively pumped throughout the body in vessels. hemolymph comes into direct contact with the tissues. the molecules being exchanged between hemolymph & tissues do not have to diffuse across the wall of a vessel |
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Definition
| muscular organ that pumps hemolymph into vessels that empty into an open, fluid-filled space |
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| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| blood flows in a continuous circuit through the body, under pressure generated by a heart |
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Term
| 3 classifications of blood vessels |
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Definition
1. arteries: tough, thick-walled vessels that take blood away from the heart
2. capillaries: vessels whose walls are just one cell thick, allowing exchange of gases & other molecules between blood & tissues
3. veins: thin-walled vessels that return blood to the heart |
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| a large artery into which the heart ejects blood |
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| thin flaps of tissue that prevent any backflow of blood |
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| the fluid that fills the area between cells |
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| a collection of thin-walled, branching tubules called lymphatic vessels that permeate all tissues |
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Definition
| interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic ducts |
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Definition
| receives blood (thin-walled) |
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Definition
| generates the force required to propel blood out of the heart & through the circulatory system (thick-walled) |
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Term
| 2 separate pumping circuits |
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Definition
1. pulmonary circulation: lower-pressure circuit to & from the lung
2. systemic circulation: higher-pressure circuit to & from the rest of the body |
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Term
| 3 steps of pulmonary circulation |
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Definition
1. blood enters right atrium on return from the body
2. blood enters right ventricle
3. blood is pumped to lungs from right ventricle |
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Term
| 3 steps of systemic circulation |
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Definition
1. blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs
2. blood enters left ventricle
3. blood is pumped to body from left ventricle |
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Definition
| two large veins that bring the arrival of blood low in oxygen |
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Definition
| sends blood out to the lungs from the contracting right ventricle |
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Definition
| backflow reducing the organ's efficiency |
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Definition
| returns blood that has been circulated through the capillary beds in the lung's alveoli & became oxygenated to the heart |
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Definition
| the cells that initiate contraction in the vertebrate heart |
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Definition
| region of the right atrium where pacemaker cells are located |
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Definition
| how cardiac muscle cells connect to other cardiac muscle cells |
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Definition
| a recording of the electrical events that occur over the course of a cardiac cycle |
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Term
| 5 steps of electrical activation of the heart |
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Definition
1. signal originates at SA node
2. signal spreads over atria; atria contract
3. signal delays at AV node
4. signal spreads down conducting fibers to bottom of ventricles; ventricles contract
5. ventricles relax |
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Term
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Definition
| contraction phases of the atria & ventricles |
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Definition
| relaxation phases of the atria & ventricles |
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Definition
| sequence of contraction & relaxation of the atria & ventricles |
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