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| In multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body, changing the target cells' functioning. Horomones are thus important in long-distance signaling. |
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| A steroid horomone, secreted by the prothoracic glands, that triggers molting in arthropods. |
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| The internal system of communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to horomones; functions in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis. |
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| The fast-acting internal system of communication involving sensory receptors, networks of nerve cells, and connections to muscles and glands that respond to nerve signals; functions in concert with the endocrine system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis. |
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| A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. |
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| Referring to a secreted molecule that acts on a neighboring cell. |
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| Referring to a secreted molecule that acts on the cell that secreted it. |
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| A molecule that is released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron at a chemical synapse, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to the postsynaptic cell, triggering a response. |
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| A molecule that is secreted by a neuron, travels in body fluids, and acts on specific target cells, changing their functioning. |
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| In animals and fungi, a small molecule released into the envionrment that functions in communication between members of the same species. In animals, it acts much like a horomone in influencing physiology and behavior. |
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| A ductless gland that secretes horomones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream. |
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| The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response. |
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| A catecholamine that, when secreted as a horomone by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline. |
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| A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. |
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| A gas produced by many types of cells that functions as a local regulator and as a neurotransmitter. |
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| One of a group of modified fatty acids secreted by virtually all tissues and performing a wide variety of functions as local regulators. |
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| A gland with exocrine and endocrine tissues. The exocrine portion functions in digestion, secreting enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostasis, secreting the horomones insulin and glucagon into the blood. |
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| A horomone produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. It induces contractions of the uterine muscles during labor and causes the mammary glands to eject milk during nursing. |
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| A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. |
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| A control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change. |
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| A horomone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels. It promotes the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver and also stimulates protein and fat synthesis. |
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| A horomone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels. It promotes glycogen breakdown and release of glucose by the liver. |
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| An endocrine disorder marked by an inability to maintain glucose homeostasis. The type 1 from results from auto-immune destruction of insulin-secreting cells; treatment usually requires daily injections. The type 2 form most commonly results from reduced responsiveness of target cells to insulin; obesity and lack of exercise are risk factors. |
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| The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes horomones of the posterior pitutary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pitutary. |
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| An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus; consists of a posterior lobe, which stores and releases two horomones produced by the hypothalamus, and an anterior lobe, which produces and secretes many horomones that regulate diverse body functions. |
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| An extension of the hypothalamus composed of nervous tissue that secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic horomone made in the hypothalamus; a temporary storage site for these horomones. |
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| A portion of the pituitary that develops from noneural tissue; consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several tropic and nontropic horomones. |
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| A horomone that has an endocrine gland or cells as a target. |
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| Antidiuretic Horomone (ADH) |
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| A peptide horomone, also known as vasopressin, that promotes water retention by the kidneys. Produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary, ADH also functions in the brain. |
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| A horomone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary with a great diversity of effects in different vertebrae species. In mammals, it stimulates growth of and milk production by the mammary glands. |
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| An endocrine gland, locaed on the ventral surface of the trachea, that secretes two iodine-containing horomones, triiodothryonin (T3) and thyroxine (T4), as well as calcitonin. |
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| One of two iodine-containing horomones that are secreted by the thyroid gland and that help regulate metabolism, development, and maturation in veterbrates. |
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| One of two iodine-containing horomones that are secreted by the thyroid gland and that help regulate metabolism, development, and maturation in vertebrates. |
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| Melanocyte-Stimulating Horomone (MSH) |
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Definition
| A horomone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary with multiple activities, including regulating the behavior of pigment-containing cells in the skin of some vertebrates. |
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| Follicle-Stimulating Horomone (FSH) |
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| A tropic horomone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and that stimulates the production of eggs by the ovaries and sperm by the testes. |
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| Luteinizing Horomone (LH) |
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Definition
| A tropic horomone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary and that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males. |
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| Adrenocorticotropic Horomone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| A tropic horomone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary and that stimulates the production and secretion of steriod horomones by the adrenal cortex. |
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| A horomone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary and that has both direct (nontropic) and tropic effects on a wide variety of tissues. |
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| One of four small endocrine glands, embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, that secrete parathyroid horomone. |
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| Parathyroid Horomone (PTH) |
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Definition
| A horomone secreted by the parathyroid glands that raises blood calcium level by promoting calcium release from bone and calcium retention by the kidneys. |
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| A horomone secreted by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in bone and calcium excretion from the kidneys; nonessential in adult humans. |
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| One of two endocrine glands located adjacent to the kidneys in mammals. Endocrine cells in the cortex respond to ACTH by secreting steroid horomones that help maintain homeostasis during long-term stress. Neurosecretory cells in the medulla secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in reponse to short-term stress. |
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| A catecholamine that is chemically and functionally similar to epinephrine and acts as a horomone or neurotransmitter; also known as noradrenaline. |
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| Any of a class of neurotransmitters and horomones, including the horomones epinephrine and norepinephrine, that are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine. |
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| Any steroid horomone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex. |
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| A steroid horomone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and that influences glucose metabolism and immune function. |
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| A steroid horomone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates salt and water homeostasis. |
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| Any steroid horomone, such as testosterone, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. |
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| A steroid horomone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogensis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals. |
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| Any steroid horomone, such as estradiol, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. |
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| A steroid horomone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals. |
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| Any steroid hormone with progesterone-like activity. |
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| A steroid horomone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy; the major progestin in mammals. |
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| A small gland on the dorsal surface of the vertebrate forebrain that secretes the horomone melatonin. |
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| A horomone that is secreted by the pineal gland and that is involved in the regulation of biological rhythms and sleep. |
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