Term
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Definition
| Life is a series of ______. |
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Term
| informal rules & strategies |
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Definition
| When making judgments and decisions, we employ a variety of __________ to make problems easier. |
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Term
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Definition
| The benefit of simplification is paid for at the cost of an ease/accuracy trade-off in human judgment. |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ leads to the belief that causes resemble their effects: Big effects should have big causes, complex effects should have complex causes. |
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Term
| cautiously; accepted more freely |
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Definition
| Tendency for events that challenge broadly-based and time-tested knowledge to be treated _________ and those that fit with pre-existing knowledge to be ____________. |
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Term
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Definition
| there is an important distinction between _________ and closed-mindedness |
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Term
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Definition
| Not all ___ is a bad thing; indeed, a certain amount is absolutely essential. |
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Term
- context
- generic knowledge
- pre-existing information |
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Definition
| The power and flexibility with which we reasons depends upon our ability to use __________ to extract meaning from new information |
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Term
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Definition
As dysfunctional as they may be on occasion, our theories, preconceptions, and _________ are what make us smart.
[as opposed to the computer example] |
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Term
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Definition
| Our expectations can bias our evaluation of new information in two ways, depending largely on whether or not the information is ___________. |
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Term
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Definition
____________ information is often simply perceived in a way that fits our preconceptions.
[ex: A 13 C vs. 12 13 14] |
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Term
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Definition
| When information is ___________, we subject inconsistent information to more critical scrutiny than consistent information. |
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Term
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Definition
| With unambiguous information, people subtly and carefully _______ the evidence to make it consistent with their expectations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure to a mixed body of evidence made both sides even more convinced of the fundamental soundness of their original beliefs. |
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Term
- too flawed to be relevant
- redefined into a less damaging category |
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Definition
| The end product of the intense scrutiny of contradictory information is that it is either considered ________ or is ___________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scientists employ relatively simple _______ to guard against the misperception of random sequences. |
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Term
- precisely specified (in advance if possible)
- objectively determined |
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Definition
| The most fundamental safeguard of the scientific enterprise is the requirement that the meaning of various outcomes be _________ & __________. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who is unaware of either the hypothesis under investigation or the specific condition of the experiment that is being run at any given time. |
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Term
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Definition
| ________, like the input to a computer, must fall into certain pre-specified slots according to pre-specified rules or they are not processed at all. |
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Term
- "context of discovery"
- "context of justification" |
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Definition
| A distinction must be made between the processes involved in generating ideas versus testing ideas: between the _____ and the ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our expectations can often be confirmed by any set of _______ after the fact, some of which we would not be willing to accept as criteria for success beforehand. |
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Term
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Definition
| The essence of a number of beliefs is that certain events tend to happen within some (unspecified) period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the tendency for people to accept as uncannily descriptive of themselves the same generally worded assessment as long as they believe it was written specifically for them on the basis of some "diagnostic" instrument such as a horoscope or personality inventory. |
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Term
| Multi-faceted description |
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Definition
| A ________ is analogous to a "one size fits all" assessment. |
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Term
| subjecting it to intense scrutiny |
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Definition
| People often resist the challenge of information that is inconsistent with their beliefs not by ignoring it, but by ______________. |
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Term
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Definition
Those that stand out and register as events regardless of how they turn out.
[example: sporting event] |
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Term
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Definition
| Because two-sided events stand out equally from the stream of experience they are likely to be ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for people to remember interrupted tasks better than those that have been completed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those that stand out and are mentally represented as events only when they turn out one way. Logically nonoccurrence is just as much an event as occurrence, but *phenomenologically it is not. |
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Term
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Definition
| In One-sided events, because ________ outcome is likely to be noticed, it is more likely to be recalled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many beliefs or expectations are such that only events that _____ the belief stand out, because only the ______ remind the person of the original expectation |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ are much more memorable than non-confirmatory events. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outcome will occur at a particular time known in advance. The person's attention is drawn to what occurs at that particular time, and so either outcome is almost certain to be noticed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Temporally focused events are likely to be ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relevant outcome can occur at any time. The person's attention is not automatically drawn to all relevant outcomes and events that confirm the original expectation may have an advantage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Temporally unfocused events are likely to be _______. |
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Term
Asymmetries
[indicate one-sidedness] |
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Definition
- Hedonic Asymmetries
- Pattern Asymmetries
- "Definitional" Asymmetries
- Base-rate Departures |
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Term
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Definition
One of the outcomes arouses much affect or demands further action, making the outcomes one sided (by virtue of instrumental consequences).
Certain kinds of negative events can accumulate in ways that positive events cannot
[ex: Bus is always going in the wrong direction) |
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Term
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Definition
An asymmetry in the numerical, spatial, or temporal pattern produced by various outcomes. [ex: 3:33]
Some derive from their relation to broader theories that we hold. [ex: full moon + crime] |
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Term
| "Definitional" Asymmetries |
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Definition
Events that are one-sided by definition and that are impossible to be disconfirmed. Evidence that is inconsistent with the belief cannot stand out and is not remembered.
[ex: "I can always tell whose had a facelift"] |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common determinant of whether an event is one-sided; departures from normality that generate surprise and draw attention. [ex: success of unconventional cancer treatment] |
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Term
| "negatively eventful actions" |
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Definition
| Erving Goffman: Those actions and customs that are so common and automatic that we only become aware of them when someone fails to honor them. The outcome is perceived as an event only when it comes out one way. |
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Term
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Definition
| These asymmetries tend to ______ information that is consistent with a person's expectations and pre-existing beliefs. |
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