Term
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Definition
| The portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. THINK: body is symmetrical, your spinal cord and brain fall in the centre therefore central. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down to the centre of the back and protected by a column of bones (the spinal column) |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| All portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; it includes sensory and motor nerves. THINK: your peripheral is everything you see outside your main line of vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles; sometimes called the skeletal nervous system. THINK: s for skeletal, s for sensory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal organs and glands. THINK: think auto= car, car has internal "organs" |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress. THINK: emotion = sympathetic person |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy. THINK: paralyzed people don't move, they are relaxed |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that conducts electrochemical signals; the basic unit of the nervous system; also called a nerve cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that support, nurture and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenance of neural connections and modify neuronal functioning. THINK: Glia=grandmothery sounding. Grandmother protects you, keeps you warm, and cleans you up as a baby. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron's branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it towards the cell body. THINK: dandrif which is received from your scalp and then flakes off onto your body. |
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Definition
| The part of neurons that keeps it alive and determines whether or not it will fire (transmit a message to other neurons). THINK: your body keeps you alive, it determines whether you should do something |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron's extending fibre that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons or muscle/gland cells. THINK: Axon= A = away. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron. THINK: myeling sounds like nylon which is a material, a sheath then covers you which insulates/keeps you warm |
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Term
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Definition
| A bundle of nerve fibres (axons and sometimes dendrites) in the peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of new neurons from immature stem cells. THINK: genesis means forming something. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells; given encouraging environments, they can develop into any cell type. THINK: stem = very beginning, therefore immature. |
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Term
| Where do axons commonly divide at the end into? |
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Definition
| Axon terminals. THINK airplanes have different terminals that flights divide into |
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Term
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Definition
| The site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs. It includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft and receptor sites in the membrane of the receiving cell. THINK: synopsis which includes a summary of everything, therefore including a number of sites |
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Term
| What are neurons separated by? |
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Definition
| synaptic cleft. THINK cleft lip, separates your lip in half |
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Term
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Definition
| A brief change in electrical voltage that occurs between the inside and the outside of an axon when a neuron is stimulated. It serves to produce an electrical impulse. THINK: action hero- lighting bolt- electricity |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of the receiving cell. Enables cells to excite or inhibit each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The brains ability to change and adapt in response to experience - for example by reorganizing or growing new neural connections. THINK: you can mould plastercine into anything |
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Term
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Definition
| voltage shifted in a positive direction . THINK: when you are excited, you are positive |
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Term
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Definition
| shift in negative direction. THINK: when you are inhibited , you have a negative reaction. We need it to sleep and movement coordination!! |
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Term
| Where is the occipital cortex associated with? |
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Definition
| The eyes. THINK: optomotirist, circular eye = o |
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Term
| 3 types of chemical messengers |
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Definition
Endorphins
Hormones
Neurotransmitters |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters Functions |
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Definition
- make it possible for one neuron to exite or inhibit another
- exists in both the brain, the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and glands
AFFECTS MOOD, MEMORY and WELL BEING. THINK: transmitting a certain mood because of a memory, resulting in overall well being |
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Term
| What determines the nature of the effect of neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| The level, location and type of receptor it binds with |
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Term
| Name the well known neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Serotonin, Dopamine, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, GABA, Glutamate |
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Term
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Definition
- sleep
- appetite
- sensory perception
- temperature regulation
- pain suppression
- mood
THINK: all of the factors that make up somebodies mood...pain, temperature, senses, appetite and sleep |
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Term
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Definition
-voluntary movement
- learning
- memory
- emotion
- pleasure or reward
THINK: when you're high on dope, you are jeopordizing your memory and ability to learn. You become very emotion driven. You move differently. |
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Term
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Definition
-muscle action
- cognitive functioning
- memory
-emotion
THINK: when you're high on adic your brain functions differently, your muscles move around (you twitch) and like dope, your memory is fuzzied and you are driven by your emotions |
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Term
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Definition
- increased heart rate
- slowing of intestinal activity during stress
- neurons involved in learning, memory, dreaming, waking from sleep, and emotion
THINK: Norah= old person. increased heart rate may cause heart attack, old people have bathroom issues, and old people have learned a lot and remember a lot, old people get up early |
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Term
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Definition
| Major inhibitory transmitter in brain. THINK: short word, very condenced, therefore inhibited growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Exitatory neurotransmitter, released by about 90 % of brains neurons. THINK: glucose=sugar. Sugar makes you excited/hyper |
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Term
| What can abnormal levels of GABA do? |
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Definition
- sleep disorders
-eating disorders
- epilepsy |
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Term
| What can abnormally low levels of acetylcholine do? |
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Definition
- Altzeimers
THINK: drugs cause brain damage (acid) |
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Term
| What can abnormally low levels of dopamine do? |
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Definition
- tremors and rigity of Parkinsons disease
THINK: dope makes you anxious and gittery |
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Term
| Too much glutamate causes what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- chemical messenger
- reduce pain
-promote pleasure
-appetite, sexual arousal, blood pressure, mood, learning, memory
ALTER THE EFFECTS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS (by limiting or prolonging them)
THINK: endorphin looks like morphine |
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Term
| When do endorphin levels shoot up? |
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Definition
| When we are stressed out or afraid because it makes pain more bearable. |
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Term
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Definition
- third class of chemical messengers
- PRODUCED IN ENDOCRINE GLANDS
-released into bloodstream
- bodily growth, aiding digestion, regulating metabolism |
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Term
| Where are hormones produced? |
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Definition
| Endocrine glands. THINK doc is in word, docs give you hormones for bc pills |
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Term
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Definition
Melatonin
Oxytocin
Adrenal Hormones
Sex Hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| created in pineal gland. Promotes sleep and daily biological rhythms. THINK: its what I take at night to sleep. Made in pineal gland- think mela like melon and pine like pinnaple |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by the pituitary gland. Enhances uterine contractions, ejection of milk when nursing. Promotes attatchment and trust. THINK: oxycottons you become attached to. Cotton is white like milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced in adrenal glands (above kidneys). THINK: adrenalin- released when you are stressed, pumped up. Involved in emotion as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by gonads and adrenal glands. |
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Term
| What are the three types of sex hormones? |
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Definition
Androgens (testosterone)
Estrogens
Progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
- physical changes in men
- pubic hair development in both genders |
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Term
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Definition
- female puberty
- influence menstrual cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| - growth and maintenance of the uterine lining |
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Term
| Where are neurotransmitters produced? |
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Definition
| brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, certain glands |
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Term
| Where are endorphins produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are hormones produced? |
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Definition
| mainly in endocrine glands |
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Term
| What is the lesion method of brain study? |
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Definition
| damaging or removing sections of animals brains |
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Term
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Definition
- detect eletrical activity of neurons
- cause brain waves |
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Term
| What do you call a brain wave recording? |
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Definition
| EEG. Patterns of electrical activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| send large current into brain which causes neurons to fire. Can be used to inactivate areas and cause motor movement. What happens behaviourally when inactive |
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Term
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Definition
Visual representation. released glucose like substance into brain
goes to areas that are active/consuming glucose quickly |
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Term
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Definition
- no chemicals
-magnetic fields and radio frequencies
-produce vibrations |
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Term
| Why are mapping of the brain techniques controversial? |
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Definition
| Tell us where but not why or how |
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Term
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Definition
| specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions. FRANZ GALL. |
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Term
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Definition
- base of the skull
- two main structures
-pons is on top of medulla |
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Term
| What are the two main structures of the brain stem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pons involved in? |
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Definition
sleeping, walking and dreaming
THINK: ponds are relaxing, you can walk around them |
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Term
| What is the medulla responsible for? |
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Definition
bodily functions that are not consciously willed
-breathing
- heart rate
THINK: medulla = sounds magical..does it itself |
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Term
| What extends from the core of the brain stem? |
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Definition
| Recticular Activating System (RAS) |
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Term
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Definition
-dense network of neurons
- above brain stem into centre of brain
- screens incoming information
-arouses the higher levels when something is happening
WITHOUT we cannot be alert
THINK: RAS sounds like a machine- therefore a screener like the MRI etc. Activating = arousing |
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Term
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Definition
- laying along side of brain stem at back
-size of a small fist
balance, coordination, memory for simple skills, reflexes
THINK: bell is balanced when it hits side to side |
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Term
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Definition
- deep in interior of brain
- traffic officer
-directs sensory info to higher areas
THINK: Hal and Amus (names) who are traffic cops |
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Term
| What is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus and where does it go? |
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Definition
smell. Olfactory bulb.
THINK: Think bulb- bulbous nose. |
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Term
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Definition
- sits beneath thalamus (hence hypo)
- relates to survival
- hunger, thirst, emotion, sex and reproduction
- controls the operation with the autonomic nervous system
-regulates body temp
THINK: hypothermia = body temp, when you have hypothermia you go into survival mode |
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Term
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Definition
- hangs from hypothalamus
-secretes hormones
- receives chemicals from the hypothalamus
THINK: pit- arm pit hair=hormones |
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Term
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Definition
- comes from latin word for border
- forms a border for the higher and lower parts of the brain
MEMORY and EMOTION
- Amydgala, hippocampus, cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
initial evaluation of sensory info to determine its importance, mediation of anxiety and depression
formation and retrieval of emotional memory
THINK: Amyg sounds like amid. Amid chaos you determine importance of what you are experiencing. Make memories. MIG is an army plane. Its the little almond. |
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Term
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Definition
- sea horse looking
- compares sensory info with what the brain has learned to expect of the world. When expectations are met, the brain calms down.
- formation of new memories and facts
THINK: on university campus you learn new info, create memories and come across new things
INFO IS STORED IN CEREBRAL CORTEX
Need it for info to reach different cortex's |
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Term
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Definition
Largest part
- cauliflower
- higher forms of thinking take place |
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Term
| Two halves/cerebral hemispheres of the Cerebrum? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| specialization of two cerebral hemispheres for particular opperations |
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Term
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Definition
Top of the brain
- produce grey tissue
- 3/4ths of all the cells in the human brain
Higher mental functions |
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Term
| What are the four distinct lobes? |
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Definition
occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal |
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Term
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Definition
- back of head
- contain visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
- top of the brain
- somatosensory cortex
- info about pressure pain, touch and temp
THINK: p for pain |
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Term
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Definition
Sides/temples
- memory, perception and emotion
- auditory cortex
-Wernikes area is for language (left)
THINK: empor - old, memories, |
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Term
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Definition
- front of brain
- moving, short term memory, planning, goal setting, creativity, intiative, social judgement, rational decision making, speech production
CONTAINS MOTOR CORTEX |
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Term
| Where is speech produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the motor cortex? |
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Definition
| The frontal lobe (back part) |
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Term
| Where is the somatosensory cortex? |
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Definition
| The parietal lobes (frontal part) |
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Term
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Definition
most forward part of frontal lobes
- Reasoning, decision making, planning
- relate to personality |
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Term
| How have scientists reduced or eliminated seizures in some patients? |
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Definition
Split the brain
- perception and memory is affected |
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Term
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Definition
| The simultaneous activation of the brain |
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Term
| How does culture affect the brain? |
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Definition
different connections are stimulated in different cultures due to what we focus on
connections look different based on when you learn language |
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Term
| How does sex affect your brain? |
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Definition
- there are differences physically but don't cause different behaviour
- women use both sides, men tend to use only one |
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