Term
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Definition
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Term
| Accomplishments of fusion of egg and sperm |
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Definition
Sets up a block to the entry of additional sperm
Stimulates ion fluxes across egg membrane
Changes pH of egg
Increases egg metabolism and stimulates protein synthesis
Initiates the rapid series of cell divisions that produce the multicellular embryo |
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Definition
| Lower half of the egg where nutrients are dense yolk granules |
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Definition
| Upper half of the egg where the haploid nucleus is located. Opposite of the Vegetal Hemisphere |
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Definition
Outtermost Cytoplasm
Colored in Animal Hemisphere
No Color in Vegetal Hemisphere |
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Definition
| A Band of diffusely pigmented cytoplasm opposite the site of sperm entry. This location is important development events |
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Definition
| Rapid series of cell division |
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Definition
| A central fluid filled cavity in the blastula |
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Definition
| Solid ball of cells with a blastocoel in the middle |
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Definition
| Individual cells of a blastula |
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Definition
| Occurs in most eggs that have little yolk. Early cleavage furrows divide the egg completely and the blastomeres are of similar size |
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Definition
| Occurs in species with a lot of yolk and the cleavage furrows dont penetrate it all |
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Term
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Definition
A type of incomplete cleavage
Occurs in eggs with dense yolk mass. Embryo forms as a disc of cells called a blastodisc that sits on top of the yolk mass |
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Term
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Definition
A type of incomplete cleavage
Cycles of mitosis occur without cytokinesis producing a single cell with many nuclei. The nuclei eventually migrate to the periphery of the egg, after which the plasma membrane grows inward partitioning the nuclei into individual cells surrounding a core of yolk |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitotic Spindles form parallel or perpendicular to the animal/vegetal axis |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell layers form at oblique angles to the animal/vegetal axis |
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Term
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Definition
in Mammals
First division is parallel to the animal/vegetal axis
Second division, the two blastomeres divide at right angles to each other |
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Definition
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Definition
| A sac that forms from the outer cells. Its cells secrete fluid and create the blastocoel with the inner cell mass at one end |
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Definition
| The stage in mammalian development of the embryo when the inner cell mass and the trophoblast and blastocoel are present |
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Definition
| Occurs when trophoblast adheres to the endometrium (uterine lining) |
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Definition
| Produced by labeling blastomeres to identify tissues and organs they generate |
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Definition
| Committed to a specific development at different times |
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Definition
| Each blastomere contributes certain aspects to the adult animal |
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Definition
| Cells compensate for any lost cells |
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Definition
| the process whereby the blastula is transformed by massive cell movements into an embryo with multiple tissue layers and distinct body axes. |
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Term
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Definition
Cell or Tissue Layers
3-endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| Innermost layer, becomes the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, pancreas and liver |
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Term
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Definition
| outer germ layer that becomes the nervous system, eyes, ears, and skin |
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Definition
| Middle Layer that contains cells that migrate between the other layers and form organs, blood vessels, muscle and bones. |
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Definition
| cells of the mesoderm layer |
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Definition
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Definition
| Opening of the invagination of the vegetal pore and becomes the anus |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs as bottle cells move inward and create the dorsal lip |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when cells elongate as the move but also intercalate (move in between) |
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Definition
| the dorsal segment of the blastopore. Also called the organizer this region directs the development of nearby embryonic regions |
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Definition
| a process where the cells from the animal hemisphere move toward the site of involution |
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Term
| Transcription factors involved in the activity of the primary embryonic organizer (organizer) |
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Definition
Beta Catenin
Goosecoid
Siamois |
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Term
| Molecular Mechanisms of the Organizer |
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Definition
No Beta Catenin(opposite gray crescent)- Tcf3 proteins repress siamois gene
Gray crescent with Beta Catenin-Beta Catenin acts as activator and siamois gene transcribed which in turn makes siamois protein that then acts as another activator for the goosecoid gene resulting in transcription of the gene and eventually the product of the goosecoid protein |
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Term
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Definition
| The initiation of the nervous system-occurs early in organogenesis |
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Definition
| Simultaneous Development of Organs and Organ Systems |
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Definition
| A rod of mesoderm which provides support for the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
Ectoderm lying over the notochord thickens and forms the neural plate
Edges of the neural plate fold and a deep groove forms
The folds fuse, forming the neural tube and a layer of ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| Dissociate from neural tube and migrate outward. Lead the development of connections between brain and spinal chord and the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Form from mesoderm on each side of he neural tube. They produce cells that become the vertebrae, ribs, muscles, and lower skin layer. They also guide peripheral nerve development |
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Definition
| Control differentiation along the anterior/posterior axis |
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Term
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Definition
Surround vertebrate embryo
Function in nutrition, gas exchange, and waste removal. In mammals, they interact with the mother's tissue to form the placenta. |
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Term
| 4 extraembryonic membranes for the chick |
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Definition
yolk sac that encloses yolk within the egg and passes nutrients to the embryo
Allantoic membrane that is a sac for waste storage
Amnion that secretes fluid for protection
Chorion that reduces water loss and exchange gasses |
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Term
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Definition
| In mammals, it forms first by extension of the hypoblast and some mesoderm. It encloses the yolk and forms a tube continuous with the embryonic gut. Nutrients are exported to the embryo through blood vessels that line the yolk sac |
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Term
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Definition
| Grows from extraembryonic endoderm and mesoderm. Forms the allantois, a sac for storing waste. |
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Term
| inner amnion and outer chorion |
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Definition
formed from the fusion of ectoderm and mesoderm
they protect the embryo, limit water loss, and exchange gasses |
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Term
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Definition
| forms from the chorion and the uterine wall-exchanges nutrients, gases, and wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds the embryo and filled with amniotic fluid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| First Trimester of Human pregnancy |
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Definition
Embryo becomes a fetus
Heart begins to beat by week four
Limbs form by week eight
Time of rapid cell division and tissue differentiation
The period that fetus is most susceptible to damage from radiation, drugs, chemicals, and agents that cause birth defects |
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Term
| Second Trimester of Human Pregnancy |
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Definition
Limbs Elongate
Fingers, toes and facial features form
Nervous system develops rapidly
First fetal movements felt by mommy |
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Term
| Third Trimester of Human Pregnancy |
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Definition
Internal Organs Mature
Brain goes through sleep-awake cycles
Birth occurs when lungs are mature |
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