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| the process by which stimulation of a sensory receptor produces neural impulses that the brain interprets as a sound, a visual image, an ordor, a taste, a pain, or other sensory image; represents the first series of the steps of processing incoming info. |
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| a process that makes sensory patterns meaningful; makes these words meaningful, rather tahn just a string of visual patterns. To make this happen, it draws heavily on the memory, motivation, emotion, and other psychological processes. |
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| transformation of one form of energy into another--especially the transformation of stimulus information into nerve signals by the sense organs. Without _, ripe tomatoes would not appear red |
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| loss of responsiceness in receptor cells after stimulation has remained unchanged for a while, as when a swimmer becaomes adapted to the temp of the water. |
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| The amount of stimulation necessary for stimulus to be detected. In practive, this means that the presence or absence of a stimulus is detected correctly half the time over many trials. |
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| the smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the differece be detected half the time. |
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| Just Noticeable difference(JND) |
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| same as the difference threshold |
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| this concept says that the size of a JND is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus; the JND is large when the stimulus intensity is low. |
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| the magnitude of a stimulus can be estimated by the formuls S=k log R, where S is sensation, R is stimulus, and k is a constant that differs for each sensory modality. |
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| A law of magnitude estimation that is more accurate thhan Fechner's law and covers a wider variety of stimuli. It is represendted by the formuls S=kIa, were S is sensation, k is constant, I stimulus instensity, and a a power exponent that depends on the sense being measured. |
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| Explains how we detect "signals", consisting of stimulation affecting our etes, ears, nose, skin, and other sense organs. Signal detection theory says that sensation is a judgment the sensory system makes abou tincoming stimulation. OFten, it occurs otside of consciousness. In contrast to older theories form psychophysics, siganal detection theory takes observer characteristics in to account |
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| The thinn, light sensitive later at the back of the eyeball. The retina contains millions of photoreceptors and other nerve cells. |
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| light sensitive cells (neurons) in the retina that convert the light energy to neural impulses; is as far as light gets into the visual system |
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| Photoreceptors in the retina that are especially sensitive to dim light but not colors. Strange as it may seem, they are rod-shaped. |
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| Photoreceptorys int he retina that are especially sensitive to colors but no to dim light. You may have guessed that the cones are cone-shaped. |
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| The tiny area of sharpest vision in the retina |
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| The bundle of neurons that carries visual information from the retina to the brain. |
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| The point where the optic nerve exits the eye and where therea are no photoreceptory. Any stimulus that falls into this are cannot be seen. |
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| A physchological sensation caused by the intensity of light waves. |
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| Also called hue; _ is not a property of things in the external world. Rather, it is a psychological sensation created in the brain from informaition obtained by the eyes from the wavelengths of visible light. |
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| The entire range of electromagnetic enery, including radio waves, X rays, micowaves, and visible light. |
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| the tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which our eyes are sensitive. The visivle spectrym of other creatures may be slightly different from our own |
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| the idea that colors are sensed by three different types of cones sensitive to light in the red, blue, and green wavelengths; explains the earliest stage of color sensation |
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| the idea that cells in the visual system process colors in complementary pairs, such as red or greenn or as yellow or blue: explains color sensation from the bipolar cells onward in the visual system. |
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| sensations that linger after the stimulus is removed; most are negative _ which appear in reversed colors. |
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| typically a genetic disorder that prevents an individual from discriminating certain colors. The most common is red-green |
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| the number of cycles completed by a wave in a given amount of time, usually a second |
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| the physical sternch of a wave. Usually measured from peak to valley |
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| The primary organ of hearing; a coiled tube in the inner ear, where sound waves are transduced into nerve messagees. |
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| A thing strip of the tissue sensitive to vibrations in the cochlea; contains hair cells connected to teh neurons. When a sound wave causes the hair cells to vibrate, the associated neurons become excited. As a result, the sound waves are converted (transducted) into nerve activity. |
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| a sensory characteristic of sound produced by the frequency of the sound wave. |
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| a sensory characteristic of sound produced by the amplitude (intensity) of the sound wave. |
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| the quality of sound wabws that derives from the wave's complexity (combination of pure tones). |
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| an inablility to hear resulting from damage to structures of the middle or inner ear |
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| nereve deafness (sensorineural deafness) |
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| an inability to hear, linked to a deficit in the body's ability to transmit impulses from teh cochlea to the brain, usually involving the auditory nerve or higher auditory processing centers |
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| the sense of body orientation with respect to gravity; is closely associated iwth an inner ear, and in fact, is carried to the brain on a branch of the auditory nerve |
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| the sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other. |
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| chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with other members of their speceis; are often used by animals as sexual attractions. Unclear w/ humans. |
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| sensory systems for processing tough, warmth, cold, texture, and pain. |
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| an explanation for the pain control that proposes we have a neural "gate" that can, under some circumstances, black incoming pain signals. |
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| a response to a placebo, caused by subjects' belief that they are taking real drugs. |
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| the meaningful product of perception -- often an image that has been associated with concepts, memories of events, emotions, and motives. |
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| cells in the cortex that specialize in extracting certain features of the stimulus. |
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| refers to the process used by the brain to combing (or "blind") the results of many sensory operations into a single percept. This occurs, for example, when sensations of color, shape, boundary, and texture are combined to produce the percept of a person's face. No one knows exactly how the brain does this. Thus the binding problem is one of the major unsolved mysteries in psychology. |
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| perpetual analysis that emphasize characterisitics of the stimulus, rather than our concepts and expectattions. "Bottoms" refers to the stimulus, which occured at step one of perceptual processing. |
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| perceptual analysis that emphasizes the perceiver's expectation, concept mories, and other congniztive factors, rather than being driven by teh characteristics of the stimulus. "Top" refers to a mental set in the brain-which stand at the "top" of the perceptual processing system |
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| the ability to recognize the same object as remaining "constant" under different conditions, such as changes in illumination, distnace, or location. |
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| you have experienced an illusion when you have a demonstratably incorrect perception of a stimulus patter, expecially one that also fools others who are observing the same stimulus. |
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| images that are capable of more than one interpretation. There is no "right" way to see an ambigous figure. |
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| the Gestalt psychologists believed that much of perception is shaped by innate factors built into the brain. |
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| the part of a pattern that commands attention; stands out against the ground. |
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| the part of a pattern that does not command attention; the background. |
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| the Gestalt principle that identifies the tendency to fill in gaps in figures and to see incomplete figures as complete. |
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| Laws of perceptual grouping |
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| the Gestalt pricnciples of similarity, proximity, continuinty, and common fate. These "laws" suggest how our brains prefer to group the stimulus elemnts together to form a percept. |
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| the Gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects together in our perceptions. |
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| the Getalt principle that we tend to group objects together when they are near each other. |
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| The gestalt principle that we prefer perceptions of concceted and continuous figures to disconnected and disjointed ones. |
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| The Gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination. |
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| the most general Gestalt principle, which staes that the simplest organization, requiring the least cognitive effort, will emerge as the figure; perfers to see a fully developed Gestalt, such as a complete circle as opposed to a broken circle. |
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| information taken in by both eyes that aids in depth perception, including binocular convergence and retinal desparity. |
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| info about the depth that relies on the input of just one eye - includes realtice size, light and shadow, interpostion, relative motion, and atmospheric perspective. |
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| the view that perception is primarily shaped by learning (or experience), rather than by innate factors. |
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| readiness to detect a particular stimulus in a given context-as when a person who is agraid interprets an unfamiliar sound in teh night as a threat. |
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