Term
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Definition
| every 28 days an ovum ripens, leaves the ovary and begins its way down the fallopian tube: is either fertilized or dissolved |
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Term
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Definition
| not being able to get pregnant after a year of trying |
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Term
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Definition
| eggs from the mother are put in a dish with sperm before being implanted into the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| assisted reproductive technologies |
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Term
| three stages of prenatal development |
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Definition
| germinal, embryonic, and fetal |
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Term
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Definition
2 weeks
-day 1: fertilization
-day 2: zygote begins to divide
-day 3-4: the mass has 16 cells and is called a morula, it is traveling down the fallopian tubes towards uterus
-day 5: the inner cell mass forms; called blastocyst
-day 6-7: the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus
-day 8-14: blastocyst becomes fully embedded in wall of uterus; now 250 cells |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of 16 cells on day 3-4 of germinal period |
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Term
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Definition
| inner cell mass that forms on day 5 of germinal period; a hollow ball; about 150 cells |
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Term
| statistics of miscarriage for recognized pregnancies and unrecognized |
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Definition
| 15-20% for recognized, 50% for unrecognized |
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Term
| embryonic period time period |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-organogenesis
-layers of the blastocyst differentiate: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
-ears, mouth and throat emerge
-arm and leg buds appear and handplate
-heart divides into 4 chambers
-brain differentiates into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
-primitive facial features are evident and fingers emerge from handplate
-sexual differentiation
-ovaries and tests are evident
p 98 |
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Term
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Definition
-in embyronic period
-every major organ takes shape in at least primitive form |
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Term
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Definition
-in embryonic period
-outer layer of blastocyst
-watertight membrane that fills w fluid that cushions and protects the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
a membrane that surrounds the amnion and attaches rootlike extensions called villi to the uterus to gather nourishment
-eventually becomes the lining of the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
-starts out as chorion
-tissue fed by blood vessels from the mother and connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer, folds into neural tube |
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Term
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Definition
-a tiny heart forms and begins to beat
-during embryonic period
-becomes muscle, cartilage, bone, heart, arteries, etc |
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Term
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Definition
-gastrointestinal tract and lungs form
-during embryonic period
-also becomes bladder |
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Term
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Definition
part of the spinal cord at the bottom is not fully encased in the protective covering of the spinal column
-can lead to neurological problems
-every 1 in 1000 |
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Term
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Definition
| a lethal deft in which the main portion of the brain stem fails to develop because the neural tube does not close at the top |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-p 99
-neurons continue to proliferate
- |
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Term
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Definition
-are "grown" after birth
-function as support for neurons |
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Term
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Definition
-use their genetic code and biochemical environment as influence
-travel along surface of glial cells then detach
-neurons go to closest place first then furthest place last
-occurs between 8 and 15 weeks |
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Term
| fetal period harmful agents |
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Definition
| -will no longer cause malformations in organs because they have already formed but can stunt the growth of the fetus and interfere w the wiring of the nervous system |
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Term
| third month of pregnancy (end of first trimester) |
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Definition
-distinguishable external sex organs appear, bones and muscle develops and the fetus becomes frisky
-can swallow, digest and urinate |
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Term
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Definition
-fourth, fifth and sixth months
-sensory organs function
-refined activities such as thumb sucking appear |
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Term
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Definition
-survival outside of uterus is possible IF the brain and respiratory system are sufficiently developed
-midway through fifth month |
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Term
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Definition
-7th, 8th, and 9th month
-the fetus gains weight rapidly
-neurons increase in size and gain myelin |
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Term
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Definition
| sheath that improves neurons ability to conduct signals |
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Term
| neurons in third trimester |
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Definition
| increase in size, gain myelin, and connect w each other to form working groups |
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Term
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Definition
| coherent patterns of sleep and wake with organized heart rate activity and movement |
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Term
| variable heart rates and mental/language development |
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Definition
| -the slower and more variable the heart rate=the higher levels; reflect optimal regulation of the nervous system |
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Term
| important changes in nervous system occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any disease, drug, or other environmental agent that can harm a developing detus |
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Term
| statistics of minor problems w babies and teratogens |
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Definition
| -only 15% of newborns have minor problems and 5% have significant problems from teratogens |
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Term
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Definition
| -time of rapid growth for an organ |
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Term
| thalidomide effects on pregnancy |
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Definition
-prescribed int he late 1950's to relieve morning sickness
-resulted in parts of limbs missing or deformed eyes, ears, noses and hearts ; depended on when the thalidomide was taken |
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Term
| tobacco effects on pregnancy |
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Definition
-grow more slowly, prematurity, low birth weight, cleft lips and celt palates
-restricts blood flow to fetus: reduces levels of growth factors, oxygen and nutrients
-more irritable and score lower on behavioral assessments
-respiratory issues
-risk of SIS (sudden infant death syndrome) increases
-more effects on central nervous system than sporadic exposure to cocaine
IN SUM: causes slow growth, respsiratory, cognitive and conduct problems |
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Term
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Definition
-small head, conduct problems, attention deficit, low IQ
-3 in 1000 |
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Term
| fetal alcohol effects/alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder |
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Definition
| -have effects but not as severe as fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Term
| fathers alcohol use and fetus |
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Definition
| -do not know if it is the consumption that causes developmental problems or the parenting skills |
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Term
| cocaine use during pregnancy |
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Definition
-spontaneous abortion during first trimester
-detachment of placenta later in pregnancy
-fetal malnourishment
-retarded growth, low birth weight
-withdrawal symptoms for babies
-problems w information processing and sensory motor skills during infancy that do not persist into childhood |
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Term
| summary of drugs effect on pregnancy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-vision and hearing loss, mental retardation, heart defects, cerebral palsy, and microcephaly
-most dangerous during first trimester |
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Term
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Definition
| increased risk of premature delivery, stillbirth or miscarriage, immature lung development, and large fetal size |
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Term
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Definition
-most damaging in middle and last trimester
-effects like rubella: vision and hearing loss, heart damage, brain damage, miscarriage |
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Term
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Definition
| -can be transmitted to fetus by placenta, perinatally when blood may be exchanged when umbilical cord separates from placenta or postnatally during breastfeeding |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of miscarriages, mental retardation, greater change of leukemia and cancer |
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Term
| world trade centers and pregnancy |
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Definition
| lighter, shorter, and earlier births, decreased cognitive abilities |
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Term
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Definition
smaller birth weight, early and impaired intellectual functioning
-EVEN after birth lead in old paid or lead water pipes result in lowered mental function |
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Term
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Definition
| -delayed development, memory, attention, and language problems |
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Term
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Definition
| poor reflexes and learning difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
| fetal death late in pregnancy |
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Term
| young mothers complications |
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Definition
| -low birth weight, still borns |
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Term
| older women complications |
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Definition
| -trouble getting pregnant, more fraternal twins b/c more likely to release two eggs during ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
-highest mortality rates for fetuses
-poor preconception health of mother and less prenatal care
-more susceptible to premature births |
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Term
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Definition
-irregular heart rate, stunted prenatal growth, lower birth weight, premature birth
-irritable, more active and crying babies, greater fearfulness, decrease in cognitive development
-during first trimester: schizophrenia |
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Term
| physical cause of stress during pregnancy |
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Definition
| -hormones, immune system changes, reduced blood flow, poor diet |
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Term
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Definition
| -motor delays in newborns |
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Term
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Definition
| 25-30 pounds: extra 300 calories |
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Term
| malnutrition and pregnancy |
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Definition
during first trimester, disrupt formation of spinal cord, result in fewer brain cells and cause stillbirth
-during third trimester results in smaller neurons, smaller brain and smaller child
-cognitive defects and risk for certain diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| neural tube defects, mandatory folate enrichment of cereal products |
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Term
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Definition
highest risk of congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, and kidney problems
-risk factor for schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
| environment surrounding birth |
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Term
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Definition
| maternal-fetal specialist |
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Term
| support during childbirth |
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Definition
| shortens labor reduces need for pain medication |
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Term
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Definition
-contractions to when the cervix is dilated
-lasts an average of 9 hrs for firstborn children to 4-6 hrs for later-born children |
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Term
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Definition
when the baby is pushed through vagina
-this can take about 1 hr for first baby and 15 to 20 minutes for second baby |
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Term
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Definition
| delivery of placenta which lasts only a few minutes |
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Term
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Definition
oxygen shortage
-can cause seizures, heart rate problems, breathing difficulties, poor reflexes
-can cause cerebral palsy in extreme cases
-mild anoxia can result in irritable babies or delays in cognitive or motor function |
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Term
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Definition
| feet or butt first in babies |
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Term
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Definition
| neurological disability; difficulty controlling muscle movements, speech, learning and intellectual disabilties |
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Term
| c sections optimal window |
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Definition
| 39-40 weeks; earlier can result in still birth or respsiratory issues |
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Term
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Definition
-irritable baby, doesnt smile at much, sluggish, difficult to feed
-cross the placenta while a lot of other drugs dont like spinal blocks and epidurals |
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Term
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Definition
| longer labor times, increased need to forceps or vacuum assistance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lots of social support, father stops hunting, placenta buried in goat encolsure and baby is washed w cold water and given hot ask and bioled herbs so it will vomite amniotic fluid it has swallowed
-mothers go into seclusion for 1 month and spend time w just baby for 3 months |
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Term
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Definition
-viewed as shameful, blood is polluting
-a dai is hired by mother in law to aid in birth, rude
-baby is "polluted" so hair is shaved off,mother kept in family compound for days |
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Term
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Definition
| -giving childbirth alone is considered to be a strength |
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Term
| children of mothers who have postpartum depression |
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Definition
-less securely attached
-respond negatively when approached by another child
-when they are older, anger management problems, attention problems, and hyperactive behavior
-elevated levels of cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
| bloating, weight gain, fatigue, insomnia, and nausea in men during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| the events of the first month and how parents might optimize the development of young infants |
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Term
| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment scale |
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Definition
assess the strength of infant reflexes and the infants responses to 26 situations
-helps teach parents to understand their babies as individuals |
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Term
| health benefits of breastfeeding |
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Definition
-fewer ear infections, respiratory tract problems, lower risk for ovarian cancer and breast cancer for mom
-help immune system and weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
quick assessment of the newborns heart rate, respiration, color, muscle ton, and reflexes
-rated on a scale of 0-2 and added: scores of 7 or higher are good
-4 or lower are at risk |
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Term
| leading cause for infant mortality |
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Definition
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Term
| at risk for low birth weight |
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Definition
| -low economic status, african, higher order multiples |
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Term
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Definition
| neurobehavioral problems, blindness, deafness, cerebral palsy, poor academic achievement, autism, and health problems, respiratory issues |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that prevents the air sacs of the lungs from sticking together and aid breathing |
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Term
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Definition
resting on mothers chest skin to skin to help maintain body temp, heart rate, and oxygen levels in the blood
-can hear mothers heart beat
-mimics environment in womb
-better quiet sleep and more alert wakefulness |
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Term
| massaging premature babies |
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Definition
-increases efficiency of digestive system
-gain weight |
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