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Chapter 4
ANTH 201 - McGill University
19
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
12/07/2011

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Term
pleistocene
Definition
the geological era that began 1.8 million years ago, characterized by the frequent buildup and retreat of continental ice sheets.
Term
oxygene isotope curve
Definition
the record of fluctuations in global climate during the Pleistocene based on oxygen isotopes.
Term
eurasian acheulian
Definition
a stone tool industry found on sites throughout Eurasia beginning in 500.000 years ago. The handaxe is the characteristic tool of this industry – there are almost no cleavers.
Term
clactonian
Definition
a simple flake tool industry contemporary with the acheulian in england
Term
bamboo
Definition
the reason why Asian acheulian assemblages didn’t have handaxes.
Term
Zhoukoudian
Definition
a series of caves in longgu-shan, or dragon bone hill, outside of Beijing, china. Where the remains of more than forty homo erectus individuals and over 100.000 stone choppers and flakes were recovered.
Term
schoningen
Definition
location in Germany where spears of wood that are 400.000 years old were found.
Term
berekhat ram figurine
Definition
unsure representation of a figurine. 230.000 years old, an incision was worked – possibly a neck?
Term
sima de los huesos
Definition
300.000 complete remains of 27 hominins were recovered and only one tool – well-made quartz handaxe. Possibly the burial of victims of an ecological crisis. No evidence they were buried and about half have gnaw marks on them
Term
homo sapiens (modern humans)
Definition
all living humans are members of this species.
Term
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Definition
scientists believe that Neanderthals and people are so similar that Neanderthals were just a subspecies
Term
Homo neanderthalensis
Definition
scientists believe Neanderthals were very distinctive and thus their own species
Term
Evolution of neanderthals
Definition
(1) Neanderthals and AMH evolved separately from homo erectus (2) homo erectus -> homo antecessor -> the split into modern humans and Neanderthals (3) there was constant gene flow and they were members of the same species.
Term
mezmaiskaya cave
Definition
the location that has produced the most recent Neanderthal fossil, dated to 30.000 years ago.
Term
middle paleolithic
Definition
the archaeological period during which neanderthals occupied europe. 300/250.000 - 50/30.000
Term
prepared-core technology
Definition
: the dominant approach to tool manufacture during the middle paleolithic; a technique in which the person making the tools carefully shaped the core to control the form of the flakes produced.
Term
frison effect
Definition
due to reshaping the process through which the shape of stone tools changes during their use-life
Term
levallois method
Definition
: a particular prepared-core technology used during the middle paleolithic that can often be recognized on the basis of tortoise-shaped cores.
Term
la cotte de st. brelade
Definition
the location on the jersey islands where evidence of neanderthals hunting mammoths by stampeding them off a cliff was found.
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