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Chapter 4
Alcamo's Microbiology
83
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
09/19/2010

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Extremphiles
Definition
A microorganism that lives in extreme environments, such as high temperature, high acidity, or high salt
Term
Proteobacteria
Definition
A phylum of gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic species in the domain Bacteria that are defined primarily in terms of their ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences (ie: Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and the rickettsiae)
Term
Arthopods
Definition
animals having jointed appendages and segmented body (e.g. ticks, lice, fleas, mosquitoes) how many diseases are transmitted to humans
Term
Firmicutes
Definition
A phylum in the domain Bacteria that contains many of the gram-positive species (e.g. Bacillus Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Mycoplasma
Term
Actinobacteria
Definition
A phylum in the domain Bacteria that exhibits fungus-like properties when cultivated in the laboratory (e.g. Strepomyces, Mycobacterium)
Term
Cyanobacteria
Definition
An oxygen-producing, pigmented bacterial cell in a unicellular and filamentous form that carries out photosynthesis
Term
Blooms
Definition
sudden increase in the numbers of cells of an organism in an environment
Term
Chlamydiae
Definition
- A phylum of extremely small bacteria that can be cultured only in living cells
Term
Spirochaetes
Definition
A phylum in the domain Bacteria whose members possess a helical cell shape; corkscrew pattern; can be found in free-living species found in mud and sediments, to symbiotic species present in the digestive tracts of insects, to pathogens found in the urogential tracts of vertebrates; in humans, they can be found in the oral cavity (e.g. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis, Borrelia, Lyme disease
Term
Hyperthermophiles
Definition
A prokaryotic that has an optimal growth temperature above 80oC(e.g. Aquifex, Thermotoga)
Term
Euryachaeota
Definition
A group within the domain Archaea that contains the methanogens and extreme halogens
Term
Methanogens
Definition
An archaeal organisms that lives on simple compounds in anaerobic environments and produces methane during its metabolisms
Term
Extreme Halophiles
Definition
An archaeal organism living at an extremely acidic pH they need high concentrations of salt
Term
Hyperthermophiles
Definition
A prokaryote that has an optimal growth temperature above 80oC
Term
Crenarchaeota
Definition
A group within the domain Archaea that tend to grow in hot or cold environments
Term
Bacillus
Definition
1.) any rod-shaped bacterial or archaeal cell 2.) when reffering to the genus Bacillus, it refers to an aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, endospore-producing, gram-positive bacterial cell
Term
Diplobacillus
Definition
A pair of rod-shaped bacterial or achaeal cells
Term
Streptobacillus
Definition
1.) a chain of bacterial rods 2.) A genus of facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile, gram-negative rods
Term
Coccus
Definition
A spherical- shaped bacterial or archaeal cell
Term
Diplococcus
Definition
A pair of spherical shaped bacterial or achaeal cells
Term
Strepococcus
Definition
1.) a chain of bacterial cocci 2.) a genus of facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, gram-positive spheres in chains
Term
Tetrad
Definition
An arrangement of four bacterial cells in a cube shape
Term
Sacrina
Definition
1.) A packet of eight spherical-shaped prokaryotic cells 2.) A genus of gram-positive, anaerobic spheres
Term
Staphylococcus
Definition
1.) an arrangement of bacterial cells characterized by spheres in a grapelike cluster 2.) a genus of facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, nonsporeforming, gram positive spheres in clusters
Term
Spiral
Definition
A shape of many bacterial and archaeal cells
Term
Vibrio
Definition
1.) a prokaryotic cells shape occurring as a curved rod, 2.) A genus of facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative curved rods with flagella
Term
Spirillum
Definition
1.) a bacterial cells shape characterized by twisted or curved rods 2.) A genus of aerobic, helical cells usually with many flagella
Term
Spirochete
Definition
A twisted bacterial rod with a flexible cell wall containing endoflagella for motility
Term

 

1.) Sensing and Responding to the surrounding environment 2.) Compartmentation of metabolism 3.) Growth and Reproduction

Definition

 

Three processes that carry out a highly ordered intracellular organization

Term
pili
Definition
A short hair-like structure used by bacterial cells for attachment
Term
Adhesins
Definition
A protein in bacterial pili that assists in attachment to the surface molecules of cells (they can stick to biofilms, or human cells and tissue surfaces)
Term
Mucosal
Definition
referring to the mucous membranes lining many body cavities exposed to the environment
Term
Virulence Factor
Definition
A pathogen-produced molecule or structure that allows the cell to invade or evade the immune system and possible cause disease
Term
Conjugation Pili
Definition
A protein filament essential for conjugation between donor and recipient bacterial cells; longer than attachment pili
Term
Flagella
Definition
A long,hair-like appendage composed of protein and responsible for motion in microorganisms; found in some bacterial, archaeal, protozoal, algal, and fungal cells
Term
Attractant
Definition
A substance that attracts cells through motility
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
A movement of a cell or organism toward a chemical or nutrient
Term
Temporal Sensing
Definition
one that compares chemical environment and concentration from one moment to the next
Term
Endoflagella
Definition
A microscopic fiber located along cell walls in certain species of spirochetes; contractions of the filaments yield undulating motion in the cell
Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
A viscous polysaccharide material covering many prokaryotic cells to assist in attachment to a surface and impart resistance to desiccation
Term
Capsule
Definition
A layer of polysaccharides and small proteins covalently bound some prokaryotic cells
Term
Slime Layer
Definition
A thin, loosely bound layer of polysaccharide covering some prokaryotic cells
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
A process whereby certain white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf foreign matter and often destroy microorganisms
Term
Cell Envelope
Definition
the cell wall and cell membrane of a bacterial or archaeal cell
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
A carbohydrate-containing structure surrounding fungal, algal, and most bacterial and archaeal cells
Term
Cell Membrane
Definition
A thin bilayer of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the prokaryotic cell cytoplasm
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
A solution with more dissolved material (solutes) than the surrounding solution (most microbes live in this environment)
Term
Lysis
Definition
the rupture of a cell and the loss of cell contents
Term
Peptidoglycan
Definition
A complex molecule of the bacterial cell wall composed of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic (NAM) acid cross linked by short peptides
Term
Teichoic Acid
Definition
A negatively charged polysaccharide in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria
-essential for cell viability, they may help maintain a surface charge on the cell wall, control the activity of autolytic enzymes acting on the peptidoglycan and/or maintain permeability of the cell wall layer
Term
Autolytic Enzymes
Definition
enzymes that break bonds in the peptidoglycan, thereby causing lysis of the cell
Term
Mycolic Acid
Definition
A waxy lipid composing the cell wall of mycobacterial species
-lipid layer making it hydrophobic
Term
Outer Membrane
Definition
A bilayer membrane forming part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
Term
Periplasm
Definition
A metabolic region between the cell membrane and outer membrane of gram-negative cells
Term
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Definition
A molecule composed of lipid and polysaccharide that is found in the outer membrane of gram-negative cell wall of bacterial cells
Term
Lipid A
Definition
A component in the outer membrane of the gram-negative cell wall
Term
Endotoxin
Definition
A poison that can activate inflammatory responses, leading to high fever, shock, and organ failure
Term
Porins
Definition
A protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that acts as a channel for the passage of small molecules
Term
Hydrophilic
Definition
pertaining to molecules or parts of molecules that are soluble in water
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
pertaining to molecules or parts of molecules that are insoluble in water
Term
Pseudopeptidoglycan
Definition
A complex molecule of some archaeal cells walls composed of alternating units of NAG and NAM
Term
S-Layer
Definition
the cell wall of most archaeal species consisting of protein or glycoprotein assembled in crystalline lattice
-provides mechanical support and prevents osmotic lysis
Term
Fluid Mosaic Model
Definition
The representation for the cell (plasma) membrane where proteins “float” within or on a bilayer of phospholipids
Term
Faciliated Diffusion
Definition
the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration across a biological membrane to a region of lower concentration by means of a membrane-spanning channel or carrier protein
Term
Active Transport
Definition
An energy-requiring movement of substance from an area of later concentration across a biological membrane to a region of higher concentration by means of membrane-spanning carrier protein
Term
Monolayer
Definition
A single layer of cultured cells
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
the complex of chemicals and structures within a cell; in plant and animal cells excluding the nucleus
Term
Cytosol
Definition
the fluid, ions, and compounds of a cell’s cytoplasm excluding organelles and other structures
Term
Nucleoid
Definition
the chromosomal region of a bacterial and archaeal cells
-does not contain a covering or membrane, it represents where the DNA aggregates and ribosomes are absent
Term
Haploid
Definition
having a single set of genetic information
Term
Genome
Definition
the complete set of genes in a virus or an organism
Term
Plasmids
Definition
A small, closed-loop molecule of DNA apart from the chromosome that replicates independently and carries nonessential genetic information
Term
Vectors
Definition
genetic elements capable of incorporating and transferring genetic information
Term
R Plasmids
Definition
- (R for resistance) A small, circular DNA molecule that occurs frequently in bacterial cells and carries genes for drug resistance
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
A cellular structure made of RNA and protein that participates in protein synthesis
Term
Centrifuge
Definition
An instrument that spins particles suspended in liquid at high speeds
Term
Microcompartments
Definition
A region in some bacterial cells surrounded by a protein shell
Term
Inclusions
Definition
1.) a granule-like storage structure found in the prokaytoic cell cytoplasm 2.) A virus in the cytoplasm or nucleus of an infected cell
Term
Meta-Chromatic Granules/Volutin
Definition
A polyphosphate –storing granule commonly found in Corynebacterium diphtheria that stains deeply with methylene blue
Term
Gas Vesicles
Definition
A cytoplasmic compartment in some bacterial and archaeal cells used to regulate buoyancy
Term
Magnetosome
Definition
a cytoplasmic inclusion body in some bacterial cells, that assists orientation to the environment by aligning with the magnetic field
Term
Homolog
Definition
an entity with similar attributes due to shared ancestry
-the same protein tubulin used for filaments that assemble into microtubules in eukaryotic cells are found in bacterial and archaeal cells used in regulation of cell division
Term
Metazoans
Definition
members of the vertebrates, nematodes, and mollusks
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