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Definition
| water synthesized as a by-product of cellular respiration |
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Definition
| the study of an organism's physical structure |
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Definition
| the study of how the physical structures in an organism function |
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Definition
| heritable trait that allows individuals to survive & reproduce in a certain environment better than individuals that lack this trait |
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Definition
| inescapable compromises between traits |
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Definition
| a packet of sperm surrounded by a large, gelatinous mass |
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Definition
| a phenotypic change in an individual in response to short-term changes in the natural environment |
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Definition
| when bodies contain distinct types of cells that are specialized for different functions |
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Definition
| a group of cells that function as a unit |
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Term
| loose connective tissue: description (ECM & function) & example |
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Definition
soft, extracellular matrix; provides padding
reticular tissue |
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Term
| dense connective tissue: description (ECM & function) & example |
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Definition
fibrous extracellular matrix; provides connections
tendon |
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Term
| supporting connective tissue: description (ECM & function) & example |
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Definition
firm extracellular matrix; functions in structural support & protection
bone or cartilage |
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Term
| fluid connective tissue: description (ECM & function) & example |
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Definition
liquid extracellular matrix; functions in transport
blood |
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Term
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Definition
1. connective tissue
2. nervous tissue
3. muscle tissue
4. epithelial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of cells that are loosely arranged in a liquid, jellylike, or solid matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of nerve cells & several types of supporting cells |
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Definition
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| 2 distinct types of projections from the cell body of neurons where the nucleus is located |
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Definition
1. highly branched, relatively short processes (dendrites)
2. relatively long structure (axon) |
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Term
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Definition
1. skeletal muscle
2. cardiac muscle
3. smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches to the bones of the skeleton & exerts a force on them when it contracts |
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Definition
| makes up the walls of the heart & is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
| form a muscle tissue that lines the walls of the digestive tract & the blood vessels |
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Term
| epithelial tissues (epithelia) (epithelium) |
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Definition
| covers the outside of the body, lines the surfaces of organs, & forms glands |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure that serves a specialized function & consists of several tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| an organ that secretes specific molecules or solutions such as hormones or digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| faces away from other tissues & toward the environment |
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Definition
| faces the interior of the animal & connects to connective tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of tissues & organs that work together to perform one or more functions |
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Term
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Definition
| the overall rate of energy consumption by an individual |
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Term
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest, with an empty stomach, under normal temperature & moisture conditions |
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Term
| 3 ways that cells/tissues increase surface area relative to volume if the function depends on diffusion |
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Definition
1. flattening
2. folding
3. branching |
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Term
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Definition
| thin sheets of epithelial cells that provide the gill with an extremely high surface area relative to its volume |
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Term
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Definition
| small, thin-walled blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| stability in the chemical & physical conditions within an animal's cells, tissues, & organs |
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Term
| 2 processes through which constancy of physiological state can be achieved |
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Definition
1. conformation
2. regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment |
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Term
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Definition
| evaluates the incoming sensory information & "decides" whether a response is necessary to achieve homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| any structure that helps restore the desired internal condition |
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Term
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Definition
| effectors reduce or oppose the change in internal conditions |
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Term
| 4 ways that animals exchange heat with the environment |
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Definition
1. conduction
2. convection
3. radiation
4. evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
| the direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| heat is exchanged between a solid & a moving liquid or gas |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact |
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Definition
| the phase change that occurs when liquid water becomes a gas |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces adequate heat to warm its own tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| relies principally on heat gained from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| keep their body temperature constant |
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Term
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Definition
| allow their body temperature to rise or fall depending on environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| speed the refolding of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| fluids flowing through adjacent pipes in opposite directions |
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