Term
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Definition
| neuron endings or specialized receptor cells in close contact with neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptors and accessory cells |
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Term
| What is the function of sensory receptors? |
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Definition
-Absorb energy
-Transduce energy into electrical energy (energy transduction)
-Produce receptor potentials(membrane de/hyperpolarization):
a graded response |
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Term
| What are the 4 steps of sensory processing? |
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Definition
-Reception
-Energy transduction
-Transmission
-Integration |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory receptors send coded signals to CNS through sensory neurons
Decrease in frequency of action potentials in a sensory neuron
Decreases response to stimulus even when stimulus is maintained |
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Term
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Definition
-process of selecting, interpreting and organizing sensory information
-brain interprets sensations by converting them to perceptions of stimuli |
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Term
| How are sensory receptors classified? |
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Definition
According to the location of stimuli to which they respond
According to the types of energy they transduce |
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Term
| What are the sensory receptors that are classified by location of stimuli? |
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Definition
Exteroceptors:
-receive stimuli from outside environment
Interoceptors:
-detect changes within the body
-changes in pH, osmotic pressure, body temp, chemical composition of blood |
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Term
| What are the sensory receptors that are classified by type of energy? |
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Definition
Thermoreceptors
Electroreceptors
Nociceptors(Pain reception):
Mechanoreceptors:
Chemoreceptors:
Photoreceptors: |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Sense differences in electrical potential
Some electromagnetic receptors can detect Earth's magnetic field |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanical, temperature, and other damaging stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Touch, pressure, gravity, stretching, movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Respond to certain chemical compounds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of thermoreceptors? |
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Definition
Some parasites use to find an endothermic host
Some animals use to locate endothermic prey
In Endothermic animals provide cues about body temperature |
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Term
| What are the functions of electroreceptors? |
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Definition
Used by predatory fish to detect prey
-respond to stimuli |
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Term
| What is the function of electromagnetic receptors? |
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Definition
Detect Earths magnetic field
Some animals orient by magnetic fields
Migratory animals navigate by magnetic fields |
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Term
| What is the function of nociceptors? |
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Definition
Pain receptors:
Free nerve endings of certain sensory neurons
Respond to:
strong tactile stimuli
temp extremes
certain chemicals |
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Term
| Action of mechanoreceptors? |
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Definition
Transduce mechanical energy
-allow animals to feel, hear, maintain balance
-activated by shape change (push or pull)
Respond to:
touch, pressure, gravity, stretch, movement |
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Term
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Definition
Touch receptors in skin
Respond to:
displacement of hairs
displacement of receptor cells themselves
Pacinian corpuscle:
-responds to touch and pressure |
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Term
| Action of Proprioceptors? |
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Definition
Allow animal to perceive body orientation and positions of its parts
-muscle spindles
-golgi tendon organs
-joint receptors
Respond to:
tension, movement |
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Term
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Definition
| An invertebrate sense organ containing one or more granules (statoliths); senses gravity and motion. |
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Term
| What is the structure of a statocyst? |
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Definition
In many invertebrates
Chamber:
-lined with mechanoreceptors
-containing statoliths(granules of sand or calcium carbonate that change position as animal moves) |
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Term
| How do statoliths function? |
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Definition
As they move
-sensory hairs bend
-sensory cells are stimulated
-Mechanical displacement results is receptor potentials and action potentials which inform CNS of change in position |
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Term
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Definition
Detect movement
Found in
-lateral line of fish
-vestibular apparatus
-semicircular canals
-cochlea
Each cells has:
-single kinocilium
-sterocilia(microvilli containing actin filaments) |
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Term
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Definition
Supplement vision in fish and some amphibians
Inform animal of moving objects or objects in its path |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of a labyrinth of fluid-filled chambers and canals, it helps maintain equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
In upper part of labyrinth
Contains saccule, utricle, semicircular canals |
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Term
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Definition
In saccule and utricle
Change position when:
-head is tilted
-body is moving in a straight line
Stimulate hair cells that signal brain
-enable animal to perceive direction of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
Inform brain about turning movements
Clumps of hair cells(cristae) located within each bulblike enlargement (ampulla)
Cristae are stimulated by movements of endolymph(fluid that fills each canal) |
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Term
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Definition
Within the cochlea
Contains auditory receptors in terrestrial vertebrates |
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Term
| Where are auditory receptors contained in vertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In vertebrates- Specialized epithelial cells in taste buds |
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Term
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Definition
Specialized olfactory cells
Axons extend to brain:
-olfactory nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
Process involving a G protein
Initiated when a molecule binds with a receptor on a:
-taste receptor cell
-olfactory receptor cell |
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Term
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Definition
Receptors in nasal epithelium of mammals
Detects pheromones
-small volatile signaling molecules released by animals |
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Term
| What is the function of photoreceptors? |
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Definition
Transduce light energy
Serve as sensory receptors in eyespots and eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| Detect light, but do not form images in cnidarians and flatworms |
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Term
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Definition
Light:
-enters through the cornea
-is focused by the lens
-produces an image on the retina
-amount of light entering is regulated by the iris |
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Term
| What structures function in the retina? |
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Definition
Rods
-function in dim light
-form images in black and white
Cones:
-function in bright light
-permit color vision
Bipolar Cells:
-send signals to ganglion cells |
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Term
| What do horizontal cells in the retina do? |
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Definition
Receive signals from rods and cones
Send signals to bipolar cells |
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Term
| How do Amacrine cells function in the retina? |
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Definition
Receive signals from bipolar cells
Send signals back to bipolar cells and ganglion cells |
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Term
| How does your eye function in the dark? |
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Definition
Ion channels in plasma membrane of rod cells are open
Cells are depolarized, release glutamate
Membranes of bipolar cells are hyperpolarized, do not send signals |
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Term
| Describe Signal Transduction in the Eye |
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Definition
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