Term
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Definition
| A group of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities. Includes various types ranging from hard (bone) to semisolid (fat) to liquid (blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| Histology is the science that deals with the study of tissues. |
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Term
| What does a pathologist do? |
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Definition
| Pathologists specialize in laboratory studies of cells and tissues for diagnoses |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of tissue? |
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Definition
| 1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscular and 4. nervous |
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Term
| What is epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
| Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, ducts, and forms glands |
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Term
| What is the function of connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Protects, supports, and binds organs. Stores energy as fat, provides immunity |
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Term
| What is the function of muscular tissue? |
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Definition
| Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generate body heat |
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Term
| What is the function of nervous tissue? |
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Definition
| Detects changes in body and responds by generating nerve impulses |
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Term
| What are the three primary germ layers that all tissues develop from? |
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Definition
| Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm |
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Term
| Epithelial tissue is developed from which germ layers? |
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Definition
| Epithelial tissues develop from all three germ layers |
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Term
| All connective tissue and most muscle is derived from which germ layer? |
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Definition
| All connective tissue and most muscle tissues derive from mesoderm |
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Term
| What primary germ layer does nervous tissue develop from? |
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Definition
| Nervous tissue develops from ectoderm |
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Term
| What are the 5 primary cell junctions? |
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Definition
| 5 most common types: 1. Tight junctions 2. Adherens junctions 3. Desmosomes 4. Hemidesmosomes 5. Gap junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells |
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Term
| What are tight junctions and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Web-like strands of transmembrane proteins. Fuse cells together. Seal off passageways between adjacent cells. Common in epithelial tissues of the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder. Help to retard the passage of substances between cells and leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues |
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Term
| What are adherens junctions and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Dense layer of proteins called plaque. Resist separation of cells during contractile activities. Located inside of the plasma membrane attached to both membrane proteins and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins insert into the plaque and join cells. In epithelial cells, adhesion belts encircle the cell |
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Term
| What are desmosomes and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Contain plaque and cadherins that extends into the intercellular space to attach adjacent cells together. Desmosome plaque attaches to intermediate filaments that contain the protein keratin. Prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction |
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Term
| What are hemidesmosomes and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Resemble half of a desmosome. Do not link adjacent cells but anchor cells to the basement membrane. Contain transmembrane glycoprotein integrin. Integrins attach to intermediate filaments and the protein laminin present in the basement membrane |
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Term
| What are gap junctions and what are their functions? |
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Definition
| Connect neighboring cells via tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons. Contain membrane proteins called connexins. Plasma membranes of gap junctions are separated by a very narrow intercellular gap (space). Communication of cells within a tissue. Ions, nutrients, waste, chemical and electrical signals travel through the connexons from one cell to another |
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Term
| How is epithelial tissue arranged? |
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Definition
| Epithelial tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers. Cells are closely packed and held tightly together |
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Term
| What are the 3 main functions of epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
| 1. Selective barrier that regulates the movement of materials in and out of the body 2.Secretory surfaces that release products onto the free surface 3.Protective surfaces against the environment |
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Term
| What is epithelial tissue derived from? |
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Definition
| Is derived from mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm |
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Term
| What are the 3 surfaces of epithelial tissue and which direction do they face? |
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Definition
| Apical (free) surface (Faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen, or duct). Lateral surface (Faces adjacent cells). Basal surface (Opposite of apical layer and adheres to extracellular materials; towards the blood side) |
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Term
| What is the basement membrane and what two components does it have? |
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Definition
| Thin double extracellular layer that serves as the point of attachment and support for overlying epithelial tissue. Consists of basal lamina and reticular lamina. |
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Term
| What is the basal lamina? |
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Definition
| Closer to and secreted by the epithelial cells. Contains laminin, collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans |
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Term
| What is reticular lamina? |
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Definition
| Closer to the underlying connective tissue. Contains collagen secreted by the connective tissue cells |
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Term
| Does epithelial tissue have a nerve and blood supply? |
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Definition
| Have own nerve supply. Are avascular or lack their own blood supply |
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Term
| How often does epithelial cells divide? |
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Definition
| Have a high rate of cell division for renew and repair |
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Term
| How tightly packed are the cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is simple epithelium and what is the funciton? |
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Definition
| Single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption |
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Term
| What is pseudostratified epithelium? |
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Definition
| Appears to have multiple layers because cell nuclei at different levels. All cells do not reach the apical surface |
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Term
| What is stratified epithelium and what is teh function? |
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Definition
| Two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in areas of wear and tear. |
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Term
| What is squamous epithelium and what is the function? |
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Definition
| Thin cells, arranged like floor tiles. Allows for rapid passage of substances |
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Term
| What is cuboidal epithelium and what is the function? |
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Definition
| As tall as they are wide, shaped like cubes or hexagons. May have microvilli. Function in secretion or absorption |
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Term
| What is columnar epithelium and what is the funciton? |
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Definition
| Much taller than they are wide, like columns. May have cilia or microvilli. Specialized function for secretion and absorption |
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Term
| What is transitional epithelium and what is the function? |
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Definition
| Cells change shape, transitioning from flat to cuboidal. Organs such as urinary bladder stretch to larger size and collapse to a smaller size |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of simple squamous that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. |
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Term
| What is the germ layer origin of endothelium and mesothelium? |
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Definition
| Unlike other epithelial tissue, both are derived from embryonic mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of epithelial layer of serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, or peritoneum |
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Term
| What is the function of endocrine glands? |
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Definition
| Secretions, called hormones, diffuse directly into the bloodstream. Function in maintaining homeostasis. Examples include thyroid gland |
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Term
| What do exocrine glands secrete into? what types of secretions do they produce? |
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Definition
| Secrete products into ducts that empty onto the surfaces of epithelium. Skin surface or lumen of a hollow organ. Secretions of the exocrine gland include mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes. Examples of glands include sudoriferous (sweat) glands |
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Term
| What are the branched and unbranched ducts of exocrine glands called? |
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Definition
| Simple gland duct does not branch. Compound gland duct branches |
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Term
| What are the three shapes of exocrine ducts? |
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Definition
| 1. Tubular glands have tubular secretory parts 2. Acinar glands have rounded secretory parts 3. Tubuloacinar glands have both tubular and rounded secretory parts |
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Term
| What are the three functional characteristics of exocrine glands? |
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Definition
| 1. merocrine 2. apocrine 3. holocrine |
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Term
| What is a merocrine gland? |
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Definition
| Secretion by exocytosis (found in salivary glands). Most exocrine glands are of this type. |
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Term
| What is an apocrine gland? |
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Definition
| Secretion is portion of gland that has pinched off (found in mammary glands) |
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Term
| What is a holocrine gland and where are these found? |
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Definition
| Cell dies and becomes the secretory product. Cell division replaces the lost cell. Found in oil glands |
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Term
| What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 main functions of connective tissue? |
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Definition
| 1.Binds tissues together 2.Supports and strengthen tissue 3. Protects and insulates internal organs 4. Compartmentalize and transport 5. Energy reserves and immune responses |
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Term
| What is the extracellular matrix? What are it's main two components? |
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Definition
| Extracellular matrix is the material located between the cells. Consists of protein fibers and ground substance |
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Term
| Is connective tissue vascular? Does it have a rich nerve supply? |
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Definition
| Connective tissue is highly vascular. Supplied with nerves. Exception is cartilage and tendon. Both have little or no blood supply and no nerves |
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Term
| What is the function of a fibroblast? |
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Definition
| Secrete fibers and components of ground substance |
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Term
| What is the function of an adipocyte? |
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Definition
| Store triglycerides (fat) |
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Term
| What is the function of mast cells? |
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Definition
| Produce histamine and are abundant alongside blood vessels |
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Term
| What are the fucntions of white blood cells? |
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Definition
| Immune response. 2 examples are Neutrophils and Eosinophils. |
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Term
| What is the function of a macrophage? |
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Definition
| Engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. May also leave the blood to migrate to infected tissue. |
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Term
| What is the function of a plasma cell? |
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Definition
| Secrete antibodies and are especially abundant in the gastrointestinal tract and mammary glands. |
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Term
| What are the 6 types of connective tissue cells? |
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Definition
| 1. fibroblasts 2. adipocytes 3. mast cells 4.white blood cells 5. macrophages 6. plasma cells |
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Term
| What is ground substance and what is its function? |
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Definition
| Between cells and fibers; Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified. Functions to support and bind cells, store water, and allow exchange between blood and cells. Complex combination of proteins and polysaccharides (some called hyaluronic acid among others) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of fibers found in the extracellular matrix? |
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Definition
| 1. collagen 2. elastic 3. reticular |
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Term
| What is the function of collagen in the ECM? |
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Definition
| Collagen fibers Most abundant protein in the body. When arranged in bundles, they afford great strength to tissues (greater tensile strength than steel!!!) |
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Term
| What is the function of elastic fibers in the ECM? |
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Definition
| Elastic fibers Plentiful in skin, blood vessels and lungs. |
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Term
| What is the funciton of reticular fibers in the ECM? |
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Definition
| Reticular fibers Forms the stroma of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parenchyma - is a term used to describe a bulk of a substance. The parenchyma are the functional parts of an organ in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stroma - In animal tissue, stroma refers to the connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ |
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Term
| What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue |
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Term
| What are the 5 types of mature connective tissue? |
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Definition
| 1. loose connective tissue 2. dense connective tissue 3. cartilage 4. bone tissue 5. liquid connective tissue |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Areolar, adipose, and reticular |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of cartilage? |
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Definition
| Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage |
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Term
| What is the function of mesencyme? |
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Definition
| Gives rise to all other connective tissues |
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Term
| Where is mucous connective tissue (aka wartons jelly) found? |
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Definition
| Found in umbilical cord of the fetus |
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Term
| What is the most widely distributed tissue in the body? |
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Definition
| Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar Connective Tissue |
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Term
| Which fiber types are found in the loose connective areolar tissue? |
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Definition
| all three fiber types (IMPORTANT) |
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Term
| Which cells are found in loose connective adipose tissue? what is the function of this tissue type? what are the two types (think colors)? |
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Definition
| Contains adipocytes. Good for insulation and energy reserves. White (common) and brown adipose tissue |
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Term
| What fibers and cells are found in reticular connective tissue? what parts of organs does this make up? |
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Definition
| Fine interlacing reticular fibers and cells. Forms the stroma of liver, spleen, and lymph nodes |
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Term
| Describe the fiber content and density in dense connective tissue? How closely is dense connective tissue packed? |
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Definition
| Contains numerous thick and dense fibers. Packed closely with fewer cells than loose connective tissue |
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Term
| Which fibers are found in dense regular connective tissue? How are those fibers arranged? What do they make up in the body? |
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Definition
| Bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns for strength. Makes up tendons and most ligaments and aponeuroses |
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Term
| Which fibers are found in the elastic connective tissue? What is the function of elastic connective tissue? which organs are they found in? |
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Definition
| Contains branching elastic fibers. Strong and can recoil to original shape after stretching. Lung tissue and arteries |
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Term
| Which fibers are found in dense connective tissue? Where is this type of tissue found? Which organs is it found in? |
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Definition
| Collagen fibers are usually irregularly arranged. Found where pulling forces are exerted in many directions. Dermis of skin and heart |
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Term
| What is cartilage and what is it embedded in? |
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Definition
| Cartilage is a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate |
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Term
| What are chondrocytes? what space are they found in? |
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Definition
| Cartilage cells found in the spaces called lacunae |
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Term
| What is parichondrium? What are the two layers of perichondrium? |
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Definition
| Covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage. Two layers: outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer |
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Term
| Does cartilage have a blood supply or nerves? |
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Definition
| No blood vessels or nerves, except perichondrium |
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Term
| What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body? |
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Definition
| Most abundant cartilage in the body (makes up most of the fetal skeleton). |
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Term
| What is hyaline cartilage surrounded by? |
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Definition
| Surrounded by perichondrium (some exceptions like articular cartilage) |
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Term
| What is the function of hyaline cartilage? |
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Definition
| Provides flexibility and support. Reduces friction |
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Term
| Where are the chondrocytes located in elastic cartilage? Is perichondrium present? what is the function? |
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Definition
| Chondrocytes are located within a threadlike network of elastic fibers. Perichondrium is present. Provides strength and elasticity |
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Term
| Where are chondrocytes found in fibrocartilage? |
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Definition
| Chondrocytes are scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix |
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Term
| Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium? How strong is it? what are the three places it's found in? |
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Definition
| Lacks a perichondrium. Strongest type of cartilage. Found in intervertebral disc (between vertebrae), pubic symphysis and auditory tube. |
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Term
| How fast does cartilage grow? Why? |
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Definition
| Cartilage grows slowly. When injured or inflamed, repair is slow due to its avascular nature. |
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Term
| What are the two ways in which cartilage grows? |
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Definition
| Interstitial growth - Growth from within the tissue. Appositional growth - Growth at the outer surface of the tissue |
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Term
| What are the two types of bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are trabeculae and where are they found? |
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Definition
| Spongy bone lacks osteons. They have columns called trabeculae |
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Term
| What are canaliculi and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Contain minute canals for nutrient and waste transport known as canaliculi |
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Term
| What is the extracellular matrix of blood called? |
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Definition
| Connective tissue with liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma |
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Term
| What are membranes in the body (refering to synovial or epithelial)? |
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Definition
| Membranes are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body. |
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Term
| What are epithelial membranes? |
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Definition
| Epithelial membranes are a combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of epithelial membranes? |
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Definition
| Mucous, Serous, and Cutaneous membranes |
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Term
| What are synovial membranes (where are they found)? |
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Definition
| Lines joints and contains connective tissue but not epithelium. Also found lining bursae. |
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Term
| What are mucous membranes? What is the importance of the overlying epithelial layer in mucous membranes? What is the connective tissue underneath called and how would you classify it? |
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Definition
| Line body cavities that open directly to the exterior. Epithelial layer is important for the bodys defense against pathogens. Connective tissue layer is areolar connective tissue and is called lamina propria |
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Term
| What are serous membranes? what do they cover? classify the connective tissue and epithelial tissue associated with serous membranes. |
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Definition
| Line body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior. Covers the organs that lie within the cavity. Consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) that secretes a serous fluid for lubrication |
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Term
| what does the cutaneous membrane cover? What 2 things does it consist of? |
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Definition
| Covers the entire surface of the body. Consists of epidermis and dermis |
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Term
| Where are synovial membranes found? Do they have epithelium? Which cells secrete synovial fluid? |
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Definition
| Line the cavities of freely movable joints. Lack epithelium. Synoviocytes secrete synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish the cartilage in the joint |
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Term
| What are the cells of muscle fibers called? |
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Definition
| Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes |
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Term
| What is the form of energy muscle cells use to generate force? |
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Definition
| Cells use ATP to generate force |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle? |
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Definition
| 1.Skeletal muscle. 2. Cardiac muscle. 3. Smooth muscle |
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Term
| Does skeletal muscle have striations? |
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Definition
| Is it voluntary? What is its length? Has striations and is multinucleated. Performs voluntary movement or contractions by conscious control. Varies in length (up to 40 cm) and is roughly cylindrical in shape |
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Term
| Does cardiac muscle have striations? Is it voluntary or involuntary? What unique feature does it have? |
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Definition
| Has striations. Involuntary movement or contraction is not consciously controlled. Intercalated disc is unique to cardiac muscle tissue |
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Term
| Where is smooth muscle found? Is it striated? Is it voluntary? |
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Definition
| Walls of hollow internal structures blood vessels, airways of lungs, stomach, and intestines. Non-striated. Usually involuntary control |
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Term
| What are the two types of nerve cells? |
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Definition
| Neurons or nerve cells. Neuroglia |
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Term
| What does it mean to be electrically excitable? |
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Definition
| The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials |
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Term
| How does an action potential move? What is the effect in nerves and muscle cells? |
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Definition
| Actions potentials propagate along a nerve or muscle plasma membrane to cause a response. Release of neurotransmitters. Muscle contraction |
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Term
| What is the pathway of propogation of an action potential through a nerve cell (neuron)? |
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Definition
| Pathway of nerve propagation (in order). Dendrite - Cell body - axon |
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