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| any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction |
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| breaking down of food stuff into smaller molecules |
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| small molecules transported from digestive cavity to animal's circulatory system |
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| animals that eat only plants |
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| animals that eat other animal's flesh or fluids |
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| animals that eat plants and animal products |
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dietary source: all food sources
function: energy source, components of some proteins, source of carbon
deficiency: muscle weakness, weight loss, ketone formation (decreases pH of blood) |
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dietary sourrce: all food sources, especially fatty meats, dairy products, and plant oils
functions: major component of cell membranes, energy source, thermal insulator
deficiency: hair loss, dry skin, weight loss, hormonal and reproductive disorders |
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dietary source: all food sources, especially meat, legumes, cereals, and roots
functions: provides amino acids to make new proteins, builds muslces, some animo acids used as energy sources
deficiency: weight loss, muscle loss, weakness, weakened immune system, increased likelihood of infections |
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dietary sources: all food sources
functions: provides nucleotides to make DNA, RNA, and ATP |
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dietary source: dairy products, cereals, legumes, whole grains, green leafy vegetable, bones (eaten by some animals)
functions: bone and tooth formation, exocytosis of stored secretion in nerves and other cells, muscle contraction, blood clotting
deficiency: muscular disorders, loss of bone, reduced growth in children |
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dietary sources: meats, dairy food, blood, natural deposits of salt
functions: particpates in electircal, acid-base, and osmotic balance across cell membranes, notably nerve and heart cells
deficiency: muscular and nerve disorders |
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dietary sources: seaweed, seafood, milk, iodized salt
functions: required for formation of thyroid hormones
deficiency: inability to make thyroid hormones, resulting in enlarged thyroid glands |
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dietary sources: liver and other organs, some meats, eggs, legumes, leafy green vegetables
functions: oxygen-binding component of hemoglobin
deficiency: anemia |
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dietary sources: meats, fruits, vegetables, dairy foods, grains
functions: participates in electrical, acid-base, and osmotic balance across cell membranes, notably nerve and heart cells
deficiency: muscle weakness, serious heart irregularities, gastrointestinal sympotms |
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dietary sources: many fruits, vegetables, meats, and natural salt deposits
functions: dietary sources: meats, fruits, vegetables, dairy foods, grains
functions: participates in electrical, acid-base, and osmotic balance across cell membranes, notably nerve and heart cells
deficiency: muscle weakness, serious heart irregularities, gastrointestinal sympotms
deficiency: muscle cramps, changes in nerve activities |
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dietary sources: fish oils, fish, egg yolk, liver, synthesisized in skin via sunligh
functions: required for calcium and phophorus absorption from gut, bone growth
deficiency: rickets (weakened, deformed bones, in children, osteomalacia (weak bones) in adults |
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dietary sources: legumes, green vegetables, some fruits, some vetable oils, liver, synthesized by hingut bacteria)
functions: component of blood-clotting mechanism
deficiency: reduced blood clotting ability |
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certain compounds cannot be synthesizd from any ingested or stored precursor molecule; must be ingested
four groups:
essential amino acids
essential fatty acids
minerals
vitaming |
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8 required by many animals
isoleucine, leucine, lycine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine |
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polyunsatured fatty acids like linoleic acid are not synthesized in animal cells
unsaturated fatty acids found primarily in plants |
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| inorganic ions; many required in only trace amounts; some can be stored others must be ingested regulary |
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| important organic nutrients that serve as coenzymes |
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| herbivores that feed contstantly on grasses |
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| lick or suck fluid from plants or animals |
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only occurs in some very simple invertebrates (sponges and some single-celled organisms)
only tiny bits can be phagocytosed at one time
no mechanism for storing food |
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outside the body: fungi secrete enzymes into a food source that they live in, then the nutrients are absorbed into the body
inside the body: many animals have a cavity/canal that is inside the body, but external to the tissues |
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simplest digestive system:
simple extracellular digestion
one opening is entry and exit
digestion and distribution of nutrients
food particles eventually phagocytosed |
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more complex digestive systems that maximizes nutrient harvesting:
single elongated tube with entry and exit ends
line by epithelial cells
several specialized regions |
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| obtains and processes food |
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| transports food to stomach |
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| stores food; mechanical disruption; digests some proteins |
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| secretes digestive enzymes |
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| produces bile to assist in fat digestion |
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| site of most digestion and absorption |
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| abosrbs some water and mineral; prepare for defacation |
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