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| - processes and and functions or an organism |
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| - groups of cells with similar appearance and a common function |
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| - when different types of tissues are further organized into functional units |
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| - groups of organs that work together to provide add'l level of organization and coordination |
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| - cover outside the body and line organs & cavities within the body |
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| - dice shaped, specialized in secretion, makes up the kidney tubules that include the the thyroid gland and salivary glands |
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| - large brick shaped cells, happens where secretion or active absorption is important. they line intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients |
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| - single layer,of platelike cells that form a simple squamous epithelium functions in exchange of material by diffusion of nutrients of gases is critical |
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| - single layer of cells varying in height, in vertebrates a pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated cells forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract the beating cilia sweep the mucus along the surface |
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| - multilayered & regenerates fastly, commonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion such as the outer skin and the linings of the mouth, anus and vagina |
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- binds epithelia to to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
- loose weave of fibers which include all 3 types
- found in skin and through out most of body |
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| - dense w/ collegenous fibers, it is found in tendons which attach muscle to bones and in ligaments which attach bones to joints |
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- minneralized connective tissue
- oseteoblasts deposit a matrix of collagen
- calcium, magnesium & phosphate ions combine into a hard mineral within the matrix
- repeating units of osteons |
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- specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat
- insulates and stores fuel as fat molecules |
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- liquid extracellular matrix called the plasma, consists of water, salts dissolved in proteins
- suspeneded are erythrocytes (rbc) &leukocytes (wbc) & cell fragments called platelets,rbc carry oxygen, wbc function in defense, platlets aid in blood clotting |
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- contains collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carb complex called chondroitin sulfate
- chondrocyte cells secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate which together make cartilage that is strong yet flexible support material
- skeletons of many vertebrae embryos contain cartilage that is replaced by bone as the embryo matures
- cart. remains in some locations such as disk that act as cushions between vertebrae |
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- responsible for nearly all types of body movement
- cells cntain filaments containing protiens of actin & myosin which help muscles contract |
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- attached to bones by tendons, striated muscle
- responsible for voluntary movements
- bundles of long cells
- multiple nuclei |
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- lacks striations
- found in walls of digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, & other internal organs
- spindle shaped responsible for involuntary body activites ex: churning of stomach and constriction of arteries |
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- forms contractile wall of heart
- striated like skeletal muscle has similar contractile properties
- has fibers that interconnect via intercalated disks which relay signals from cell to cell to synchronize heart contraction |
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| - nerve cells transmit nerve impulses as well as support cells called glial cells |
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- various types of glia help nourish, insulate, & replenish nerons , help modulate neuron function
- help support, regulate, & augment functions of neurons |
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| - what neurons transmit impulses to other neurons with |
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| - signaling molecules boradcast through out body by endocrine system |
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| - organism that uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation |
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| - allows internal condition to change in acccordance with external changes |
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| - from control center CNS |
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| - animals maintain internal temperature in tolerable range |
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- birds & mammals
- warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism |
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- amphibians
- gain most of their heat from external forces |
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| - relatively constant body temp |
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| - body temp varies w/ enviroment |
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| - acts as thermostat in mammalian regu. of body temp. |
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| - the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time |
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