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Chapter 4 vocab
Some vocabulary for Test 2
37
Communication
Undergraduate 4
10/01/2010

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Term
Language
Definition
A system comprised of vocabulary and rules of grammar that allows us to engage in verbal. communication.
Term
Verbal Symbols
Definition
Words, or the vocabulary that make up a language.
Term
Grammar
Definition
The rules that dictate the structure of language.
Term
Decoding
Definition
The process of developing a thought based on hearing verbal symbols, observing nonverbal messages, or both.
Term
Encoding
Definition
The process of putting thoughts and feelings into verbal symbols, nonverbal messages, or both.
Term
Denotative Meaning
Definition
The literal, conventional meaning of a verbal symbols that most people in a culture have agreed is the meaning of that symbol.
Term
Connotative Meaning
Definition
The meaning of verbal symbol that is derived from our personal and subjective experience with that symbol.
Term
Concrete
Definition
Able to be seen, smelled, tasted, touched or heard.
Term
Referent
Definition
The thing a verbal symbol represents.
Term
Abstract
Definition
Not able to be seen, smelled tasted, touched or heard.
Term
Framing Theory
Definition
A theory that argues that when we compare two unlike things in a figure of speech, we are unconsciously influenced by this decision.
Term
Process of Abstraction
Definition
The ability to move up and down the ladder of abstraction from specific to general and vice versa.
Term
Strategic Ambiguity
Definition
Leaving out cues in a message on purpose to encourage multiple interpretations by others.
Term
Equivocation
Definition
A type of ambiguity that involves choosing our words carefully to give a listener a false impression without actually lying.
Term
Euphemism
Definition
A milder or less direct word substituted for another word that is more blunt or negative.
Term
Idiom
Definition
A word or a phrase that has an understood meaning within a culture but whose meaning is not derived by exact translation.
Term
Phatic Communication
Definition
Communication consisting of words and phrases that are used for interpersonal contact only and are not meant to be translated verbatim.
Term
Code-switching
Definition
Shifting back and forth between languages in the same conversation.
Term
Speech Community
Definition
A groupe of people who share norms about how to speak, what words to use, and when, where and why to speak.
Term
Symbolic Interactionism Theory
Definition
The theory that our understanding of ourselves and of the world is shaped by our interactions with those around us.
Term
Linguistic Determinism
Definition
A theory that argues that our language determines our ability to perceive and think about things. If we don't have a word for something in our language, this theory predicts we won't think about it or notice it.
Term
Linguistic Relativity
Definition
A theory that states that language influences our thinking but doesn't determine it. Thus, if we don't have a word for something in our language, this theory predicts it will be difficult, but not impossible, to think about it or notice it.
Term
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Definition
A theory that points to connections among culture, language and thought. In its strong form, this theory is known as linguistic determinism, and it's weak form, it is known as linguistic relativity.
Term
Codability
Definition
The easy with which a language can express thought.
Term
Two-culture Theory
Definition
A theory that asserts that sex operates in the same way as culture in establishing different rules, norms and language patterns for men and women.
Term
Static Evaluation
Definition
The tendency to speak and respond to someone today the same way we did in the past, not recognizing that people and relationships change over time.
Term
Polarization
Definition
The tendency to use "either-or" language and speak of the world in extremes.
Term
Reification
Definition
The tendency to respond to words or labels for things as though they were the things themselves.
Term
Lexical Gaps
Definition
Experiences that are not named.
Term
Muted Group Theory
Definition
Theory that explains what happens to people whose experiences are not well represented in verbal symbols and who have trouble articulating their thoughts and feelings verbally because their language doesn't give them an adequate vocabulary.
Term
Sexist Language
Definition
Language that is demeaning to one sex.
Term
Generic "He"
Definition
The use of the masculine pronoun "he" to function generically when the subject of the sentence is of unknown gender or includes both men and women.
Term
Man-linked Words
Definition
Words that include the word man but that are supposed to operate generically to include women as well, such as mankind.
Term
Confirmation
Definition
A response that acknowledges and supports another.
Term
Disconfirmation
Definition
A response that fails to acknowledge and support another, leaving the person feeling ignored and disregarded.
Term
Perspective-taking
Definition
Acknowledging the viewpoints of those with whom we interact.
Term
Indexing
Definition
Avoiding generalizations by acknowledging the time frame in which we judge others and ourselves.
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