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Chapter 4 part 2
Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic cells
55
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
02/01/2011

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Term
What is different between the internal structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Definition
Eukaryotic cells have an internal structure that is more complex, highly organized, and contains numerous organelles
Term
What is the eukaryotic cytoplasm made of?
Definition
Semifluid substance consisting mainly of water with substances such as enzymes, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and a variety of inorganic ions. It also contains a cytoskeleton.
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
A fibrous network that gives the larger cells shape and support
Term
Eukaryotic nucleus
Definition
A distinct organelle enclosed by a nuclear envelope and contains nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromosomes
Term
Eukaryotic nuclear envelope
Definition
Consists of a double membrane, each layer of which is structurally like the plasma membrane
Term
Eukaryotic nuclear pores
Definition
In the nuclear envelope allow RNA molecules to leave the semifluid portion of the nucleus and to participate in protein synthesis
Term
Nucleoplasm
Definition
Semifluid portion of the nucleus
Term
Eukaryotic nucleoli
Definition
Contains a significant amount of RNA and serve as sites for the assembly of ribosomes
Term
Eukaryotic chromosomes
Definition
Contained within the nucleus, usually paired. Contains DNA and proteins called histones
Term
Histones
Definition
Contribute directly to the structure of chromosomes
Term
Chromatin
Definition
Uncoiled chromosomes and visible as a tangle of fine threads
Term
How do nuclei of eukaryotic chromosomes divide?
Definition
By mitosis
Term
Dyads
Definition
Replicated eukaryotic chromosomes that remain attached prior to division
Term
Spindle apparatus
Definition
The system of tiny fibers that guide the movement of chromosomes In eukaryotes during mitosis
Term
Diploid cells
Definition
Cells that contain paired chromosome cells (2n)
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Division of sex cells
Term
Haploid cells
Definition
Unpaired chromosome, can become spores or gamets
Term
Gametes
Definition
Haploid cells that participate in sexual reproduction, they unite to form a diploid zygote
Term
Eukaryotic mitochondria
Definition
Known as the powerhouses of the cell, are numerous in some cells, are 1 micrometer in diameter, have an inner and outer membrane, and a fluid filled matrix inside the inner membrane
Carry out oxidative reactions that capture energy in ATP.
Term
Cristae
Definition
In eukaryotic mitochondria, the folding of the inner membrane to increase surface area
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
Eukaryotic cells capable of carrying out photosynthesis contain these structures that include an inner and outer membrane
Term
Stroma
Definition
Inner space of eukaryotic chloroplasts
Term
Thylakoids
Definition
Separate internal membranes found within eukaryotic chloroplasts, contain chloryphyll which captures energy from light during photosynthesis
Term
Eukaryotic Ribosomes
Definition
Are assembled in the nucleoli of nucleus, provide sites for protein synthesis
Term
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
Contains enzymes that synthesize lipids, especially those to be used in making membranes
Term
Rough ER
Definition
Has ribosomes bound to its surface which give it a rough texture, its function is to manufacture proteins
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
Consists of a stack of flattened membranous stacks. Receives substances transported from the ER, stores the substance, and typically alters their chemical structure. It packages the substances. Like the mail room.
Term
Secretory vesicles
Definition
Small segments of membrane made by the golgi, these fuse with the plasma membrane and release
secretions to the exterior of the cell.
Helps form plasma membrane and membranes of lysosomes
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Extremely small, membrane covered organelles made by golgi in animal cells. Contain digestive enzymes. Fuse with vacuoles and release enzymes that digest the substances in the vacuoles.
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Small membrane-enclosed organelles filled with enzymes. In both plant and animal cells. In animals-oxidize amino acids, in plants- oxidize plants
Term
Eukaryotic Vacuoles
Definition
Membrane-enclosed structures that store materials such as starch, glycogen, or fat to be used for energy.
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Network of protein fibers made of microtubules and microfilaments. Supports and gives rigidity and shape to a cell. Involved in cell movements
Term
What do external structures in eukaryotes do?
Definition
Assist in movement or provide a protective covering for the plasma membrane.
Term
Eukaryotic Flagella
Definition
Larger and more complex than in prokaryotes, have 2 central microtubules, and 9 pairs of peripheral microtubules surrounded by a membrane. Each fiber is made up tubulin.
Term
How do eukaryotic flagella move and what groups contain them?
Definition
In a whiplike fashion, and mainly protozoa have them, but also algae.
Term
Eukaryotic Cilia
Definition
Shorter, and more numerous than flagella, but made of the same chemicals and with the same arrangement. Found mainly in protozoa. Each passes through a stroke and recovery cycle as it beats. They allow ciliated organisms to move faster than those with only flagella. Can sometimes propel fluids, particles, bacteria etc
Term
Pseudopodia
Definition
'False feet" are temporary projections of cytoplasm associated with amoeboid movement, which occurs only in cells without walls.
Term
Eukaryotic cell walls
Definition
Made up of either cellulose or chitin or both. Give cells rigidity and protect from bursting
Term
Endosymbiotic Theory
Definition
The organelles of eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells that had developed a symbiotic relationship with the eukaryote-to-be. There is a lot of evidence supporting this theory. Examples exist today of this still happening.
Term
Simple diffusion
Definition
The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.
Term
What affects diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer?
Definition
1. Solubility of diffusing substance in lipid
2. The temperature
3. The difference between the highest and lowest concentration of the diffusing substance
Term
Selective permeability
Definition
Diffusion through pores that is affected by size, and charge of particle and pore surface. Since many pores are very small some particles can not pass through.
Term
Facilitated diffusion
Definition
Diffusion down a concentration gradient and across a membrane with the assistance of special pores or carrier molecules.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low.
Term
Osmotic pressure
Definition
The pressure required to prevent the net flow of water by osmosis. The least amount of hydrostatic pressure required to prevent the movement of water from a given solution into pure water is the osmotic pressure of the solution.
Term
Tonicity
Definition
The behavior of cells in a fluid environment
Term
Isotonic solution
Definition
Cell and environment have same concentration, so no change in the cell occurs
Term
Hypotonic solution
Definition
The environment has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell. The cell swells
Term
Hypertonic solution
Definition
Environment has a greater concentration than the cell, the cell will shrink.
Term
Active transport
Definition
Moves molecules and ions against concentration gradients from regions low to high concentration. Requires membrane proteins that act as carriers and enzymes.
Term
Group translocation reactions
Definition
Move a substance from the outside of a bacterial cell to the inside while chemically modifying the substance so that it cannot diffuse out. Allows molecules such as glucose to be accumulated against a concentartion gradient.
Term
Endocytosis in eukaryotes
Definition
Forming of membrane-enclosed vesicles by invagination and surrounding substances from outside the cell.
Term
Exocytosis in eukaryotes
Definition
Vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and extrude their contents from the cell.
Term
What are the types of endocytosis in eukaryotes?
Definition
receptor-meidated, and phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is the most important
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
A type of endocytosis in which large vacuoles called phagosomes from around microorganisms and debris from tissue injury. These vacuoles enter the cell, taking with them large amounts of plasma membrane. The vacuole fuses with lysosomes which digest the contents of the vacuoles and release into the cytoplasm.
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