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| A situation in which a response can prevent the delivery of an aversive stimulus, such as when a rat learns to jump over a barrier to avoid a shock. |
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| A set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditioning involves learning relations between events—conditioned andunconditioned stimuli—that occur outside of one’s control. |
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| Learning that an event signals the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Definition
| A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through prior learning. |
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| Conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| The acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| The neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning. |
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Definition
| The stimulus situation that sets the occasion for a response to be followed by reinforcement or punishment. |
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Definition
| A situation in which a response can reduce or eliminate an unpleasant stimulus, such as when a rat escapes an ongoing shock by jumping over a barrier. |
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| Presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly, after conditioning, without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a loss in responding. |
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| fixed-interval (FI) schedule |
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Definition
| A schedule in which the reinforcement is delivered for the first response that occurs following a fixed interval of time. |
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| fixed-ratio (FR) schedule |
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Definition
| A schedule in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is fixed and does not change. |
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Definition
a. The decline in responsiveness to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented.
b. The decline in the tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure. |
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Definition
| If a response in a particular situation is followed by a satisfying consequence, it will be strengthened. If a response in a particular situation is followed by an unsatisfying consequence, it will be weakened. |
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Definition
| A relatively permanent change in behavior, or potential behavior, that results from experience. |
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Definition
a. The natural tendency to imitate the behavior of significant others.
b. A behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations. |
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Definition
| An event that, when removed after a response, lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again. |
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Definition
| An event that, when removed after a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again. |
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