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| a system comprised of vocabulary and rules of grammar that allows us to engage in verbal communication |
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| words, or the vocabulary that make up a language |
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| the rules that dictate the structure of language |
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| the process of putting thoughts and feelings into verbal symbols, nonverbal messages, or both |
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| the process of developing a thought based on hearing verbal symbols, observing nonverbal messages, or both |
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| the literal, conventional meaning of a verbal symbol that most people in a culture have agreed is the meaning of that symbol |
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| the ability to move up and down the ladder of abstraction from specific to general and vice versa |
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| the meaning of a verbal symbol that is derived from our personal and subjective experience with that symbol |
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| able to be seen, smelled, tasted, touched, or heard |
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| the thing a verbal symbol represents |
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| not able to be seen, smelled, tasted, touched, or heard |
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| a theory that argues that when we compare two unlike things in a figure of speech, we are unconsciously influenced by this decision |
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| leaving out cues in a message on purpose to encourage multiple interpretations by others |
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| a type of ambiguity that involves choosing our words carefully to give a listener a false impression without actually lying |
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| a milder or less direct word substituted for another word that is more blunt or negative |
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| a word or a phrase that has an understood meaning within a culture but whose meaning is not derived by exact translation |
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| a communication consisting of words and phrases that are used for interpersonal contact only and are not meant to be translated verbatim |
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| shifting back and forth between languages in the same conversation |
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| a group of people who share norms about how to speak, what words to use, and when, where, and why to speak |
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| symbolic interactionism theory |
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| the theory that our understanding of ourselves and of the world is shaped by our interactions with those around us |
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| a theory that argues that our language determines our ability to perceive and think about things. if we don't have a word for something in our language, this theory predicts we won't think about it or notice it |
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| a theory that states that language influences our thinking but doesn't determine it. thus, if we don't have a word for something in our language, this theory predicts it will be difficult, but not impossible, to think about it or notice it |
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| a theory that points to connections among culture, language, and thought. in its strong form, this theory is konwn as linguistic determinism, and in its weak form, it is known as linguistic relativity |
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| the ease with which a language can express a thought |
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| a theory that asserts that sex operates in the same way as culture in establishing different rules, norms, and language patterns for men and women |
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| the tendency to speak and respond to someone today the same way we did in the past, not recognizing that people and relationships change over time |
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| the tendency to use "either-or" language and speak of the world in extremes |
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| the tendency to respond to words or labels for things as though they were the things themselves |
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| experiences that are not named |
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| theory that explains what happens to people whose experiences are not well represented in verbal symbols and who have trouble articulating their thoughts and feelings verbally because their language doesn't give them an adequate vocabulary |
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| language that is demeaning to one sex |
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| the use of the masculine pronoun he to function generically when the subject of the sentence is of unknown gender or includes both men and women |
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| words that include the word man but that are supposed to operate generically to include women as well, such as mankind |
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| a response that acknowledges and supports another |
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| a response that fails to acknowledge and support another, leaving the person feeling ignored and disregarded |
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| acknowledging the viewpoints of those with whom we interact |
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| avoiding gernalizations by acknowledging the time frame in which we judge others and ourselves |
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