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| federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent |
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| congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law |
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| Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States and with the Indian Tribes"; this clause was interpreted by the Supreme Court in favor of national power over the economy |
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| authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes |
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| a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as "intergovernmental cooperation |
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| a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments |
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| the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937 in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state governments |
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| specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II) |
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| a system of government in which the national government shares power with lower levels of government such as states |
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| a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between the central (national) government and regional (state) governments |
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| full faith and credit clause |
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| provision from Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state |
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| the process by which one unit of government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government, according to an established formula; revenue sharing typically involves the national government providing money to state governments |
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| programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government |
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| power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs |
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| powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution; such powers are not specifically expressed, but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers |
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| necessary and proper clause |
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| provision from Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution providing Congress with the authority to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its expressed powers |
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| attempts by presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants |
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| power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens |
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| the principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas; in foreign policy, the willingness to strike first in order to prevent an enemy attack |
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| privileges and immunities clause |
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| provision, from Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges |
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| powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states |
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| the principle that the states should oppose the increasing authority of the national government; this principle was most popular in the period before the Civil War |
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| regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government |
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| a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government |
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