Term
|
Definition
| A potential vulnerability or weakness in an argument; they are the result of a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it. |
|
|
Term
| Ad hominem (poisoning the well) |
|
Definition
| Latin for “to the man"; this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fallacy in which a speaker appeals to an audience's pity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence |
|
|
Term
| Either-or fallacy (false dilemma) |
|
Definition
| Occurs when the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when an analogy compares to things that are not comparable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when a faulty conclusion is reached because of insufficient evidence. |
|
|
Term
| Post hoc ergo propter hoc ("after which, therefore because of which") |
|
Definition
| A fallacy that claims something is a cause just because it happened earlier (We elected Johnson as president,and look where it has gotten us: hurricanes, floods, and a stock market crash); correlation does not imply causation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also called an assertion or proposition, it states the argument’s main idea or position. It is an arguable statement; it must be a sentence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is verifiable and not arguable; it can be a single word or phrase. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asserts that something is true or not true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proposes a change or claims an effect of that change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Argues that something good or bad, right or wrong; an opinion or judgment |
|
|
Term
| Classical oration (the five parts) |
|
Definition
| introduction of the subject, narration of the facts or problems, confirmation develops the proof of the writer’s case, refutation addresses the counterargument, and the conclusion brings the essay to a satisfying close. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States the main idea of the argument and previews the major points the writer intends to make. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of reaching a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Based on what the writer knows, such as personal experiences, observations, anecdotes, or a general knowledge of events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion (also called a generalization). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It states the main idea of the argument but does not list all the points the writer intends to cover. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of such as words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases to temper a claim and make it less absolute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evidence of things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented by numbers (statistics, surveys, polls, census information) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gives voice to possible objections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arguments that are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposition position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in way that is accommodating and civil rather than alienating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation (factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. Major premise: Exercise contributes to better health. Minor Premise: Yoga is a type of exercise. Conclusion: Yoga contributes to better health. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin. It can be stated as a template: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acknowledges an opposing argument usually qualified by but or although) before stating the writer’s opinion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A speaker skips to a new and irrelevant topic in order to avoid the topic of discussion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fallacy that results from using evidence that is irrelevant to the claim (ad hominem, faulty analogy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using evidence that is either intentionally or unintentionally inaccurate (straw man, either-or) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fallacy that occurs when evidence is insufficient (hasty generalization, circular reasoning) |
|
|
