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Definition
Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
Organismal activity depends on individual and collective activity of cells
Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by subcellular structure
Continuity of life has a cellular basis |
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| Connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases. Bells that move organs and body parts. Cells that stores nutrients. Cells that fight diseases. Cells that gathers information and controls body functions. Cells of reproductions |
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| Basic parts of a Huan cell |
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Definition
Plasma membrane-flexible outer boundary
Cytoplasm- intracellular fluid containing organelles
Nucleus: control center |
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| Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids |
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| Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity |
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| Glycocalyx is a glycoprotein area abutting the cell that provides highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another |
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Double bilayer of lipids with imbedded dispersed proteins
Bilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids. |
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| Lipids bound within Carbohydrates |
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| Hydrophobic and hydrophillic bypoles |
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| Functions of Membrane Proteins |
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Definition
| Transport, Enzymatic Activity, Receptors for signal transduction, Intercellular adhesion, Cell-cell recognition, attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
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| Differ in the kind and amount of lipids they contain, fluidity |
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| Found only in the outer membrane surface |
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| 20% of all membrane lipid is cholesterol |
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| Membrane Junctions: Tight Junction |
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Definition
| Impermeable junction that encircles the cell |
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| Membrane Junction: Desmosome |
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Definition
| Anchoring junction scattered along the sides of the cells |
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| Membrane Junction: Gap Junction |
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Definition
| A nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells |
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| Passive Membrane Transport: Diffusion |
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Definition
| Simple diffusion - non polar and lipid-soluble substances. Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer. Diffuse through channel proteins |
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| Passive Membrane Transport: Diffusion |
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Definition
| Facilitated diffusion: Transport of glucose, amino acids, and ions. Transported substances bind carrier proteins or pass through protein channels |
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| Integral transmembrane proteins. SHow specificity for certain polar molecules including sugars and amino acids |
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| Passive Membrane Transport: Osmosis |
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Definition
| Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane |
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| Passive Membrane Transport: Osmosis |
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Definition
| Water diffuses through plasma membranes, through the lipid bilayer, through watter channels called aquaporins (AQP's) |
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| Total concentration of solute particles in a solution |
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| How a solution affects cell volume |
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| Solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol |
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| solutions have greater solute concentration that that of the cell. cell shrinks |
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| Solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol. Expansion |
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| Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane. Requires carrier proteins. |
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| Active Transport: Systems |
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Definition
| Symport System, Antiport System |
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| two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction. |
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| two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions |
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| Primary active transport, secondary active transport |
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| Hydrolysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein causing conformation change |
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| Secondary active transport |
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Definition
| Use of an exchange pump (such as the NA+-K+ pump) indirectly to drive the transport of other solutes |
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Definition
| Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes via exocytosis and endocytosis |
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| Moves substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space |
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| Enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell via Clathrin coated pits |
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| Fluid-phase endocytosis-plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into interior of the cell |
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| Cells "gulps" drops of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles. No receptors are used, so the process is non specific. Most vesicles are protein coated |
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| Pseudopods engulfs solids and bring them into the cell's interior |
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| Receptor mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| Calthrin-coated pits provide the main route for endocytosis and transcytosis |
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| Moving substances from one area in the cell to another |
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| Non-clathrin-coated vesicles |
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Definition
| Caveolae that are platforms for a variety of signaling molecules |
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| Voltage across a membrane. Resting membrane potential - where K+ potential is balanced by the membrane potential |
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| Membrane Potential: Resting |
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Definition
| Ranges from -20 to -200 mV. Results from Na+ and K+ concentrations gradients across the membrane. Differential permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ and K+. |
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| Membrane Potential: Steady State |
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Definition
| Maintained by active transport of ions |
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| Anchors cells to the extracellular matrix, assist in movement of cells past one another, rally protective white bloods cells to injured or infected areas |
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| Contact signaling, Electrical signaling, Chemical signaling, G protein-linked receptors |
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| Important in normal development and immunity |
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| Voltage-regulated "ion gates" in nerve and muscle tissue |
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| Neurotransmitters bind to chemically gated channel-linked receptors in nerve and muscle tissue |
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| G protein-linked receptors |
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Definition
| Ligands bind to a receptor which active a G protein causing the release of a second messenger, such as cyclic AMP |
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| Cytoplasm, cytosol, cytoplasmic organelles, inclusions |
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| Material between plasma membrane and the nucleus |
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| Largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes |
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| Metabolic machinery of the cell |
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| chemical substances such as glycogen granules and pigment. Presence depends on cell type |
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| Specialized cellular compartments, Membranous, nonmembranous |
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| Membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles: What are they? |
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Definition
| Mitochondira, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus |
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| Non-Membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles: What are they? |
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Definition
| Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes |
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| Double membrane structure with shelf-like cristae. Provide most of the cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration. Contain their own DNA and RNA. Inherited from mother. Can be used to trace ancestry |
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| Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae. Continuous with the nuclear membrane. |
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Tubules arranged in a looping network.
Catalyzes reactions in various organs of the body |
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| Smooth ER: Catalyzation reactions |
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Definition
| -Liver: lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen, and along with the kidneys, detoxification of drugs |
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| Smooth ER: Catalyzation reactions |
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Definition
| Testes: Synthesis of steroid-based hormones |
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| Smooth ER: Catalyzation reactions |
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Definition
| Intestinal cells: Absoprtion, synthesis, and transport of fats |
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| Smooth ER: Catalyzation reactions |
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Definition
| Skeletal and cardiac muscles: storage and release of calcium |
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| External surface studded with ribosomes, manufactures all secreted proteins, responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes |
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| Granules containing protein and RNA. Site of protein synthesis. Free ribosmes synthesize soluble proteins. Membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes |
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| Stacked and flattened membranous sacs. Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins, transport vessels from the ER fuse with the cis face |
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| Proteins pass through the Golgi apparatus to the trans face, Secretory vesicles leave the trans face of the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell |
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| Role of the Gogli Apparatus |
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Definition
1) Protein contain vesicles pinch off rough ER and migrate to fuse with membranes of Gogli apparatus.
2) Proteins are modified within the Golgi compartments
3) Proteins are then packaged within different vesicle types, depending on their ultimate destination |
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Definition
| Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes |
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| Lysosomes: What do they digest? |
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Definition
| Bacteria, viruses, toxins, nonfunctional organelles, bone to release Ca2+ |
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| Secretory lysosomes: Where are they found? |
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Definition
| White blood cells, immune cells, and melanocytes |
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| System of organelles that function to: Produce, store, and export biological molecules, degrade potentially harmful substances |
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| Endomembrane system includes? |
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane |
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| Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases. Detoxify harmful or toxic substances. Neutralize dangerous free radicals |
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Definition
| highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons |
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| The skeleton of the cell, dynamic, elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol, consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
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Dynamic strands of the protein actin. Attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, braces and strengthens the cell surface. Attaches to CAMs and function in endocytosis and exocytosis.
7 nm wide |
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| Tough, insoluble fibers with high tensile strength, resist pulling forces on the cell and help form desmosomes. 10 nm wide |
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| Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin. Determine the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles. Aids in intracellular movement |
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| Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus. Pinwheel array of nine triplets of microtubules, organize mitotic spindle during mitosis. Form the bases of cilia and flagella |
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| Whip-lie motile cellular extensions on exposes surfaces of certain cells which move substances in one direction across cell surfaces |
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| Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets. Gene-containing control center of the cell. COntains the genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins. Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized. |
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| Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores. Encloses jellylike nuceloplasm, which contains essential solutes |
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| Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER and is studded w/ ribosomes. Inner membrane is lined with the nuclear lamina, which maintains the shape of the nucleus. Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus. |
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| Dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus. Site of ribosome production |
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| Threadlike strands of DNA (30%), histone proteins (60%), and RNA (10%). Arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes. Condense into barklike bodies called chromosomes when the cell starts to divide |
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Interphase:
-Growth (G1), Synthesis (S), Growth (G2)
Mitotic Phase
-Mitosis (divides nucleus) and Cytokinesis (divides "stuff") |
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| metabolic activity and vigorous growth |
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| Cells that permanently cease dividing |
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| Helices begin unwinding from the nucleosomes, helicase untwists the double helix and exposes complementary strands, site of replication is the replication bubble, each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand |
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Replisome uses RNA primers to begin DNA synthesis
DNA polymerase III continues from the primer and covalently addes complementary nucleotides to the template |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase only works in one direction (5'-3') continuous and lagging strand is synthesized, dna ligase splices together the short segments of the discontinous strand. Two new telomeres are also snythesized. Procces is called semiconservative replication |
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