Term
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Definition
Invertebrate/Vertebrate:
-protects underlying tissues
-specialized sensory or respiratory functions
Outer epithelium specialized:
-secrete lubricants/adhesives
-secrete odorous or poisonous substances |
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Term
| Invertebrate Epithelial tissue |
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Definition
Cuticle:
-protective shell secreted by outer epithelium |
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Term
| Integumentary System of Vertebrates |
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Definition
Skin and structures that develop from it
Mammalian skin includes:
hair, claws or nails, sweat glands, oil glands, sensory receptors |
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Term
| Compare feathers and hair |
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Definition
Feathers of birds/Hair of mammals:
-forms insulating layer
-helps maintain constant body temperature |
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Term
| What is the function of the Epidermis? |
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Definition
| Protects body from outer environment |
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Term
| What are the layers and structure of the epidermis? |
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Definition
Stratum Corneum:
most superficial layer
consists of dead cells filled with keratin
Stratum basale:
cells divide, are pushed up to skin surface
cells mature, flatten, produce keratin
eventually die and slough off |
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Term
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Definition
insoluble protein
gives mechanical strength to skin
reduces water loss |
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Term
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Definition
consists of dense, fibrous, connective tissue
rests on layer of subcutaneous tissue composed largely of insulating fat |
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Term
| What is the function of the skeletal system? |
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Definition
Supports and protects the body
Transmits mechanical forces generated by muscles |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of skeletons? |
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Definition
Hydrostatic
Endoskeleton
Exoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid in closed body compartment transmits forces generated by contractile cells or muscle
Found in soft-bodied invertebrates
-cnidarians, flatworms, annelids
Have longitudinal and Circular muscle |
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Term
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Definition
Nonliving skeleton:
characteristic of mollusks and arthropods
doesn't grow, must molt(ecdysis)
Arthropod skeleton:
-composed partly of chitin
-jointed for flexibility
-adapted for many lifestyles |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of living tissue
-can grow
Found in echinoderms and chordates |
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Term
| What are the main divisions of the Vertebrate skeleton? |
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Definition
Axial:
skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum
Appendicular:
limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle |
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Term
| What is the structure of a typical long bone? |
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Definition
Consists of a
-thin outer shell of compact bone surrounding inner spongy bone
-central cavity that contains bone marrow |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of bone developmental processes? |
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Definition
Endochondral:
-develop from cartilage templates, adds length
-ex: Long bones,
Intramembranous:
-develop from noncartilage connective tissue model
-ex: flat bones of skull |
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Term
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Definition
(Osteocytes) Work together to shape and remodel bone
-Osteoblasts
cells that produce bone
-Osteoclasts
cells that break down bone |
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Term
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Definition
Junctions of 2 or more bones
Ligaments:
connective tissue bands that connect bones
limit movement in a joint |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of joints? |
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Definition
Immovable
-sutures of skull
Slightly movable
-joints between vertebrate
Freely movable
-enclosed by joint capsule lined with membrane that secretes synovial fluid |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
In vertebrates and most invertebrates:
-muscle tissue contracts(shortens)
-moves body parts by PULLING on them. |
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Term
| Vertebrate skeletal muscles |
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Definition
Pull on tendons:
-connective tissue, attaches muscles to bones
Muscle contraction:
-pulls bone toward or away from the bone with which it articulates |
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Term
| Origin/Insertion of Muscle |
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Definition
Origin- Where it attaches to immovable place
Insertion- where it attaches and works against/pulls |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle that produces a particular action |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that produces the opposite movement of the agonist |
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Term
| What is the structure of a muscle? |
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Definition
Skeletal muscle
-organ made up of 100's of muscle fibers
muscle fiber consists of
-threadlike myofibrils which are made up of smaller myofilaments |
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Term
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Definition
functional unit of striated muscle
area between 2 z lines |
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Term
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Definition
outer membrane of muscle cell.
Contains myofibrils-fibers
-z line
-actin/myosin |
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Term
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Definition
| capillaries that bring in nutrients |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle structure |
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Definition
Striations:
-overlapping actin and myosin
Sarcomere:
-contractile unit of actin(thin) and myosin(thick) |
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Term
| Explain the events of muscle contration |
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Definition
| During muscle contraction, energy from ATP is used to slide muscle filaments so that the muscle shortens. |
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Term
| What are the energy sources for muscle contraction? |
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Definition
ATP:
-immediate energy source
-ATP hydrolysis provides energy to 'cock' myosin
Creatine Phosphate:
-intermediate energy storage compound
Glycogen:
-fuel stored in muscle fibers |
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Term
| Contraction of a whole muscle depends on |
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Definition
-Number of muscle fibers contracting
-Tension developed by each fiber |
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Term
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Definition
-All skeletal muscle fibers stimulated by a single motor neuron
Messages from brain activate motor neurons:
-the more units recruited the stronger the contractions |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle responses? |
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Definition
Simple twitch
Summation
Tetanus |
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Term
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Definition
| activated by brief electrical stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 twitches add together when 2nd stimulus is received before 1st contraction is complete |
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Term
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Definition
Smooth, sustained contraction
Series of separate stimuli timed close together |
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Term
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Definition
| -State of partial contraction characteristic of muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Specialized for endurance activities
Contract slowly, fatigue slowly, rich in mitochondria, obtain most of their ATP from aerobic respiration
Red color due to high myoglobin(red pigment that stores oxygen) content |
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Term
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Definition
Specialized for rapid response
Contract fast, intermediate rate of fatigue, rich in mitochondria, get most of their ATP from aerobic respiration
Red color due to high myoglobin content |
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Term
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Definition
Generate high power for a brief period(Adrenaline)
Contract fast, fatigue quickly, few mitochondria, use glycolysis as major pathway for ATP synthesis
White fibers |
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