Term
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Definition
A group of similarly specialized cells associated to perform one or more functions
ex: pancreas has 2 functions
-digestion, sugar regulation |
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Term
| What are the 4 main kinds of animal tissues? |
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Definition
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous |
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Term
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Definition
A continuous layer(sheet) of cells covering a body surface, lining a body cavity
Function:
protection, absorption, secretion, sensation |
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Term
| What is the structure of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Relatively few cells separated by intercellular substance
-Fibers scattered throughout a matrix |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of connective tissue intercellular fibers and what is their function? |
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Definition
Collagen fibers- cartilage
Elastic fibers-epiglottis
Reticular fibers-
Secrete the matrix |
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Term
| Function of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Joins other body tissues
supports body and organs
protects underlying organs |
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Term
| What specialized cells are within connective tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Consists of cells specialized to contract
Each cell is an elongated muscle fiber with many contractile units (myofibrils) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Neurons
-elongated cells
-specialized for transmitting impulses
Glial Cells
-support and nourish neurons
-provide energy for neurons |
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Term
| What are the epithelial cell shapes and tissue structures? |
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Definition
Shape:
-squamous
-cuboidal
-columnar
Structure:
-simple
-stratified
-pseudostratified |
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Term
| Simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
Location:
lines blood vessels and air sacs
Function:
permits exchange of materials by diffusion
Cells are flat and arranged as single layer
ex: Cheek cells |
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Term
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
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Definition
Location:
Linings of kidneys, gland ducts
Function:
Secretion and absorption
Single layer of cells, from side looks like a short cylinder some have microvilli |
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Term
| Simple Columnar Epithelium |
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Definition
Location:
Linings of digestive and respiratory tract
Function:
Secretion(mucus), absorption, protection, movement of mucus
Often ciliated |
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Term
| Stratified Squamous Epithelim |
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Definition
Location:
Skin, mouth/vaginal lining
Function:
Protection only
Forms outer layer of skin
Lines passageways into the body
Several layers of cells, outer layer constantly sloughed off and replaced from below |
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Term
| Pseudostratified Epithelium |
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Definition
Location:
Some respiratory passages, ducts of many glands
Function:
Secretion, protection, movement of mucus
Lines passageways, protects underlying tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized epithelial tissue |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of glands |
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Definition
Exocrine :
-secrete product through a duct onto exposed epithelial surface
-Goblet cells:
unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucus
Endocrine:
-release hormones into interstitial fluid/blood |
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Term
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Definition
Epithelial:
-sheet of epithelial tissue
-layer of underlying connective tissue
Mucous:
-lines cavity that opens to outside
Serous:
-lines cavity that doesn't open to outside |
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Term
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Definition
Cells embedded in intercellular substance
-microscopic collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers(thin branched fibers)
-Scattered through a matrix (polysaccharide gel) |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of fibers running in various directions through a semifluid matrix
Flexible tissue forms a covering for nerves, blood vessels, and muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Stronger, less flexible than loose
Collagen fibers arranged in definite pattern
Forms:
-tendons(muscle-bone)
-ligaments(bone-bone) |
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Term
| Elastic Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Consists of bundles of parallel elastic fibers
Location:
-lung tissue
-Walls of large arteries
Where things have to expand/change in pressure |
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Term
| Reticular Connective Tissue |
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Definition
Consists of interlacing reticular fibers
Forms support framework for many organs
Keeps organs in place |
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Term
| Adipose Tissue(Connective) |
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Definition
-Consists of fat cells
-Found with loose connective tissue in subcutaneous tissue
-cushion layer that stores unused energy |
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Term
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Definition
Forms skeleton of vertebrates along with bone
Consists of chondrocytes:
-in lacunae(small cavities in hard matrix)
-nonvascular |
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Term
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Definition
Forms skeletons of vertebrates along with cartilage
Osteocytes:
-secrete and maintain bone matrix
-vascular(blood vessels in Haversian Canal)
-stores Ca, P
-located in lacunae |
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Term
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Definition
Osteoclasts:
Break down bone
Osteoblasts:
Build bone |
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Term
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Definition
Circulating tissues:
-fluid intercellular substances
Helps parts of an animal communicate with one another
Platelets, Plasma, Red/White Blood cells |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Striated and Voluntary
Elongated cylindrical fibers with several nuclei
Skeletal muscles contract, move parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
-Striated, Involuntary
-Elongated, branched, cylindrical fibers branch and fuse; one or 2 central nuclei
-Muscle contracts(heart pumps blood)
-Intercalated Discs |
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Term
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Definition
-No striations, involuntary
-Elongated, spindle fibers with a single central nucleus
-moves body organs ex:
pushes food through digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
Elongated Cell
Receives and transmits info
Synapse(space)
-junction between neurons |
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Term
| What are the 2 components of a Neuron? What is their Function? |
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Definition
Dendrites:
-receive signals
-transmits signal TO other cell
Axons:
-transmits signals AWAY from cell to other neurons, muscles, glands |
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Term
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Definition
Tissues and organs working together
11 systems in mammals
Each system functions to maintain homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Endocrine
Immune
Integumentary
Muscular
Nervous
Reproductive
Respiratory
Skeletal
Urinary |
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Term
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Definition
Balanced internal environment
-steady state
homestatic mechanism
-control processes that maintain conditions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Stressor causes deviation from set pt
Sensor detects change from set pt
sensor signals integrator which activates effectors(
normal condition is restored |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviation from steady state causes changes that intensify rather than reverse the changes |
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Term
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Definition
Process of maintaining body temperature within certain limits despite changes in surrounding temp
Animals have different structural, behavioral, and physiological stragies |
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Term
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Definition
Body temp depends on temp of environment
Use behavioral strategies to adjust body temp.
ex:basking in sun |
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Term
| Costs/Benefits of Ectothermy |
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Definition
Benefits:
Very little energy used to maintain metabolic rate
Can survive on less food
Cost:
Activity limited by daily and seasonal temp conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Have homeostatic mechanisms that regulate body temp within a narrow range |
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Term
| Cost/Benefits of endothermy |
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Definition
Benefits:
high metabolic rate(more energy available)
constant body temp allows higher rate of enzyme activity
active even in winter temps
Cost:
high energy cost |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of adjustment to seasonal changes |
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Term
| What is Torpor and what are the 2 types? |
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Definition
Torpor:
adaptive hypthermia(in small endotherms when surrounding temp drops)
Hibernation:
long-term torpor in response to winter cold
Estivation:
torpor due to lack of food or water during summer heat (usually water based animals) |
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