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Chapter 38
Structure and Function of th GI System
98
Science
Graduate
04/14/2012
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Term
What are the structures of the GI system?
 Definition
  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
Term
What are the general functions of the GI sytem?
 Definition
  • Ingestion and breakdown
  • Propulsion
  • Secretion
  • Mechanical and chemical digestion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
Term
Ingestion and breakdown of what?
 Definition
Food
Term
Propulsion of what?
 Definition
Food and wastes from mouth to anus
Term
Secrtion of what?
 Definition
  • Mucus
  • Water
  • Enzymes
Term
Mechanical and chemical digestion of what?
 Definition
Food
Term
Absorption of digested what?
 Definition
Food
Term
Elimination of what?
 Definition
Waste
Term
What is another name for elimination of waste?
 Definition
Defecation
Term
What is the GI system controlled by?
 Definition
  • Hormones
  • ANS
Term
What parts of the GI system are NOT controlled by hormones and the ANS?
 Definition
  • Chewing
  • Swallowing
  • Defecation
Term
What is the mouth?
 Definition
  • A reservoir for chewing
  • It mixes food with saliva 
Term
The mouth contains what kind of taste buds?
 Definition
  • Salty
  • Sour
  • Bitter
  • Sweet
Term
What nerve controlls the mouth?
 Definition
Olfactory
Term
How many teeth does the human mouth have?
 Definition
32
Term
What are the components of Saliva?
 Definition
  • Water
  • Mucus
  • Sodium
  • Bicarbonate
  • Chloride
  • Potassium
  • Alpha Amylase
Term
What do all these components do?
 Definition
Breakdown CHO
Term
Saliva is made in what salivary glands?
 Definition
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
  • Parotid
Term
What is the production of saliva controlled by?
 Definition
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres
Term
Where is the swallowing center located?
 Definition
Medulla
Term
Swallowing is also under the control of what other region of the brain?
 Definition
Cerebellum
Term
What are the characeristics of the Esophagus?
 Definition
  • Hollow
  • Muscular tube
  • Approx 25 cm
Term
The upper esophageal sphincer is AKA?
 Definition
Pharyngoesophageal sphincter
Term
The lower esophageal sphincter is AKA?
 Definition
The Cardiac Sphincter
Term
What are the two phases of swallowing?
 Definition
  • Oropharyngeal phase
  • Esophageal phase
Term
How long does the Oropharyngeal phase take?
 Definition
  • 1 second
  • Voluntary
Term
How long does the Esophageal phase?
 Definition
5-10 seconds
Term
What is the Stomach?
 Definition
  • Hollow
  • Muscular organ
Term
What is the function of the stomach?
 Definition
  • Stores food
  • Secretes digestive juices
  • Mixes food with juices
  • Propels chyme
Term
What is chyme?
 Definition
Patially digested food that moves into the duodenum
Term
The stomach has 3 layes of what kind of muscle?
 Definition
Smooth
Term
What are the 3 layer of the stomach?
 Definition
  • Longitudinal
  • Circular
  • Oblique
Term
Where does the stomach receive blood from?
 Definition
The Celiac artey
Term
The stomach secretes large volumes of gastric juices that contain what?
 Definition
  • Mucus
  • Acid
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones
  • Intrinsic factor
  • Gastroferrin
Term
What are the stomach boundaries?
 Definition
  • Cardiac Orifice
  • Pyloric sphincter
  • Pylorus
Term
What are the functional areas of the stomach?
 Definition
  • Fundus - top
  • Body - middle
  • Antrum - bottom
Term
What factors contribute to gastric motility?
 Definition
  • Acetylcholine, Gastrin, Secretin - stimulate cheif cells
  • Motilin
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Gastric emptying
Term
What are gastric pits?
 Definition
They are where the gastric glands are located
Term
What are the different gastric cells?
 Definition
  • Chief
  • Parietal
  • G Cells
  • Enterochromaffin
  • D Cells
Term
What do chief cells produe?
 Definition
Pepsinogen - Pepsin
Term
What do parietal cells produce?
 Definition
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Intrinsic factor
Term
What do G cells produce?
 Definition
Gastrin
Term
What do enterochromaffin cells produce?
 Definition
Histamine
Term
What do D cells produce?
 Definition
Somatostatin
Term
How long is the small intestine?
 Definition
5-6 meters
Term
What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?
 Definition
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum - ileocecal valve
Term
What are the 2 muscular layers of the small intestine
 Definition
  • Outer - longitudinal
  • Inner - Circular
Term
What are some of the other structures of the small intestine?
 Definition
  • Peritoneum
  • Peritoneal cavity
  • Mucosal folds (plica)
  • Villi
  • Microvilli
  • Lamina Propria
  • Lacteal
Term
What are the digestion and absorption aids?
 Definition
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Pepsin
  • Pancreatic enzymes
  • Intertinal enzymes
  • Bile Salts
Term
What does intestinal motility facilitate?
 Definition
Digestion and absorption
Term
What is haustral segmentation?
 Definition
Localized rhythmic contractions
Term
What is peristalsis?
 Definition
Waves of contraction
Term
Ileogactric reflex
 Definition
Inhibits gastric mobility when ileum is distended
Term
Intestinointestinal reflex
 Definition
Inhibits intestional motility if intestin is distended
Term
What is the Gastroileal reflex?
 Definition
Stimulates ileal motility
Term
How long is the lagre intestine?
 Definition
1.5 meters
Term
The large intestine is AKA
 Definition
Colon
Term
What are the parts of the colon?
 Definition
  • Ascending
  • Transverse
  • Descending
  • Sigmoid
Term
What is a Haustra?
 Definition
Outpouchings
Term
Where does the large intestine get its blood supply
 Definition
  • SMA
  • IMA
Term
What are some other parts of the large intestine?
 Definition
  • Appndix
  • Rectum
  • Anus
  • Ileocecal sphincter
  • O'Beirne Sphincter
  • Internal and external anal sphincter
Term
What type of bacterical environment is in the stomach?
 Definition
Relatively sterile environment due to acids
Term
What type of bacterial environment is in the duodenum?
 Definition
Minimal bacteria due to bile acid secretion, motility, and antibody production
Term
What type of bacterial environment is in the jejunum?
 Definition
Low concentration of aerobes
Term
What type of bacterial environment is in the ileocecal valve and beyond?
 Definition
Anaerobic bacteria
Term
What % of the fecal flora in the colon ar anaerobic?
 Definition
95%
Term
The liver has how many lobes?
 Definition

2

right and left
Term
What is the Falciform Ligament of the liver?
 Definition
It separates lobes and attaches liver to anterior abdominl wall
Term
What types of cells make up the liver?
 Definition
Hepatocytes
Term
What are the small capillaries in the liver?
 Definition
Sinusoids
Term
What is the function of Bile Canaliculi?
 Definition
  • Conduct bile to common bile duct
  • Empties ampulla of Vator
Term
What is the Major Duodenal Papilla is AKA?
 Definition
Sphincter of Oddi
Term
What are Kupffer cells?
 Definition
Tissue macrophages in the liver 
Term
The Disse Space drains ...
 Definition
Intestional fluid into the hepatic lymph system
Term
Where does the liver reveive blood from?
 Definition
  • Hepatic Artery
  • Portal Vein
Term
Can hepatocytes regenerate?
 Definition
YES!
Term
What is Bile?
 Definition
Alkaline yellowish green fluid
Term
How much bile is secreted each day?
 Definition
700-1200 ml/day
Term
What does bile contain?
 Definition
  • Bile salts
  • Cholesterol
  • Bilirubin
  • Electrolytes
  • Water
Term
Bile is formed by what?
 Definition
Hepatocytes
Term
Where is bile secreted into?
 Definition
Bile canaliculi
Term
Why do we need bile?
 Definition
  • Intestinl emulsification
  • Absorption of fats
Term
What is enterohepatic circulation?
 Definition
Recycling of bile salts
Term
The liver stores what?
 Definition
  • Large volume of blood
  • Iorn
  • Copper
  • Vitamins
Term
The liver synthesizes what?
 Definition
  • Prothrombin
  • Fibrinogen
  • Clotting Factors
Term
The liver produces what?
 Definition
Bile to absorb fat soluble vitamins
Term
What does the liver metabolize?
 Definition
  • Fat
  • Protein
  • Carbohydrates
Term
What does the liver detoxify?
 Definition
  • Alcohol
  • Barbiturates
  • Anphetamines
  • Steroids
  • Hormones
Term
What is the gallbladder?
 Definition
  • Saclike organ
  • Lies on inferior surface of the liver
Term
The gallbladder stores how much bile?
 Definition
90 ml
Term
What is the function of the gallbladder when talking about bile?
 Definition
Concentrates bile
Term
The gallbladder is controlled by what?
 Definition
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Motilin
Term
What are the Exocrine Pancreas cells?
 Definition
Acinar Cells
Term
What is the function of the Acinar cells?
 Definition
Secrete enzymes
Term
Where does the Exocine Pancrease receive blood from?
 Definition
  • Celiac
  • SMA
Term
What are the Isotonic Secretions that the Exocrine Pancrease secretes?
 Definition
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Chloride
  • Bicarbonate
  • Alkaline juices - to neutralize acidic chyme
Term
What is trypsin Inhibitor?
 Definition
It pevents activation of proteolytic enzymes while in the pancreas
Term
The pancreas also secretes what?
 Definition
  • Amylase
  • Lipase
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