Term
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Definition
| Exploring the mechanisms of a drug action that occur at the molecular level. "What the drug does to the body." |
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| Principle of Pharmacology |
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Definition
| The pharmacological, physiological, or behavioral effects induced by a drug follow from their interaction with receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of what the body does to a drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fairly large molecule at which endogenous transmitters or modulars produce their biological effects. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The central portion of the receptros spans the membrane of the neuron and forms a pore, which enlarges when either an endogenous neurotransmitter or exogenous drug attaches to the receptor- binding site. |
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Term
| G-Protein-Coupled Receptors |
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Definition
| The activation of these receptors induces the release of an attached intracellular protein that, in turn, controls enzymatic functions within the post-synaptic neuron. |
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Term
| 1. Ionotropic 2. G-Protein 3. Carrier Proteins 4. Enzymes |
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Definition
| The four types of receptor proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor that transports small organic molecules across cell membranes against concentration gradients. |
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Term
| (Reuptake) Carrier Proteins |
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Definition
| Pre-synaptic carrier proteins that bring dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin, etc. back into the pre-synaptic nerve terminal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulate the synaptic availability of certain neurotransmitters. Inhibition of these increase the availability of neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules formed around a carbon atom that have the same molecular formula but have different arrangement of their atoms in space. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple substances that show optical isomerism exist as two (or more) isomers. |
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Term
| Racemic Mixture or Racemate |
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Definition
| Most medicines are manufactured this way. Medications are often produced as a 50/50 mixture of their two enantiomers. It is the mixture of 50% active and 50 % inactive that is marketed. Although only the (-) half of the medicine will be biologically active in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. On one specific type of receptor 2. At different types of receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Additional responses to the drug. |
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Term
| Down Regulation (Desensitization) |
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Definition
| In the presence of chronic stimulation the number of receptor sites decreases. |
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Term
| Up Regulation (Super Sensitivity) |
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Definition
| When the number of transmitter molecules available at postsynaptic receptors is decreased. |
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Term
| Dose-Response Curve (DRC) |
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Definition
| A function that describes the relationship between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of the drug's effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of drug required to produce a given effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to individual differences in drug response; some patients respond at very low doses and some require much more drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect, as measured within the more or less linear (straight) central portion of the dose-response curve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large increases in dose do not produce big changes in effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is only a small difference between the dose that produces a barely discernible effect and the dose that causes a maximal effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to produce a desired effect. The dose that exerts the maximum effects obtainable has 100% _______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binding to a receptor site can initiate a cellular response similar or identical to that exerted by the natural transmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug capable of eliciting the maximum response from a receptor system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Agonist that is unable to induce maximal activation of a receptor population, regardless of the amount of drug applied. |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug may not produce an effect by itself, but, in the presence of the natural transmitter. |
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Term
| Positive allosteric effect |
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Definition
| Increase the response of the transmitter. |
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Term
| Inhibitory allosteric effect |
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Definition
| Decrease the response of the transmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug that blocks access of the transmitter to the site, preventing the normal effect of the transmitter or displaces transmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug that binds to a receptor site that produces the opposite pharmacological effect of an agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind in a reversible way. They attach to the receptor yet do not stimulate the effector system for the receptors. |
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Term
| Noncompetitive Antagonist |
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Definition
| Irreversible. THe actions of a non-competitive antagonist cannot be overcome by increasing the dose of agnonist because they have different binding sites. |
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Term
| Core Parts of Pharmacodynamics |
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Definition
1. Agonists bind to receptors to produce a functional response
2. Agonists can be full, partial, or inverse.
3.Antagonists block or reverse the effects of agonists.
4. Antagonists can be competitive or noncompetitive/irreversible. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of the LD50 to the ED 50 is used as an index of the relative safety of the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of LD1 to ED 99. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combining medications to improve therapeutic outcome. |
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Term
| Principles for "Irrational Polypharmacy" |
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Definition
1. Pharmacodynammic Redundancy 2. Pharmacodynamic interactions 3. Pharmacokinetic Interactions
4. Inadequate Dosing
5. Clinical Evaluation and Oversight. |
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Term
| Pharmacodynamic Redundancy |
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Definition
| Two drugs have the same or overlapping mechanism of action |
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Term
| Pharmacodynamic Interactions |
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Definition
| When the effect of two medications oppose each other. |
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Term
| Pharmacokinetic Interactions |
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Definition
| Certain drugs might either increase or decrease the rate of hepatic metabolism of other drugs and how this interaction can affect the plasma levels of other drugs metabolized by the same enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dose are too low beacuase of side effects. Sometimes the medication is given at a dose that is sufficient for one action, but not high enough for a second pharmacological action to be effective. Possible cause: Polypharmacy. |
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Term
| Clinical Evaluation and Oversight |
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Definition
| Drugs started during exacerbation of an illness might need to be reassessed after the patient has restablized. The natural history of the disorder might produce spontaneous remission, allowing dose reduction or elimination. The appearance of new symptoms might be a result of long-term drug exposure which would be better treated by reassessment of the medication instead of adding a new agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rare, but potentially serious untoward response caused by excess serotinergic action at 5-HT2A and 5_HT1A receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome |
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Definition
| Altered mental states: delirium, clonus, tremor, hyperthermia, tachycardia, akathisia |
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Term
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Definition
| Allergies, blood disorders, liver or kidney toxicity, abnormalities in fetal development. |
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