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| Cytoskeletal filaments of eukaryotic cells composed of the protein actin; also refers to the thin filaments of muscle cells. |
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| Region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and where the reaction occurs. |
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| Use of a plasma membrane carrier protein and energy to move a substance into or out of a cell from lower to higher concentration. |
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| Growing or metabolizing in the absence of oxygen. |
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| States that all organisms are made up of cells and cells only come from pre-existing cells. |
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| Metabolic reactions that use the energy primarily from carbohydrates but also from fatty acid or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules. |
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| Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles. |
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| Network of fine threads in the nucleus composed of DNA and proteins. |
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| Chromatin condensed into a compact structure. |
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| Short, hairlike projection from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in large numbers. |
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| Cycle of reactions in mitochondria that begin with citric acid; it breaks down an acetyl group as CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are given off. AKA Krebs cycle. |
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| Nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound. |
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| Contents of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane that contains the organelles. |
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| Internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. |
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| Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and stops when distribution is equal. |
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| Passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bound carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level; the energy released is used for ATP synthesis. |
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| A collection of membraneous structures involved in transport within the cell. |
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Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| System of membraneous saccades and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes. |
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Definition
| Type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles. |
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| Use of a plasma membrane carrier to move a substance into or out of a cell from higher or lower concentration; no energy required. |
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| Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and end products, such as alcohol and lactate. |
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| Slender, long extension that propels a cell through a fluid medium. |
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| Model for the plasma membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid bilayer. |
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Definition
| Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP molecules. |
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| Organelle, consisting of saccades and vesicles, that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell. |
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| Rope-like assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells; so called because they are intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules. |
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| Membrane-found vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules. |
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| All of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell. |
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| Small cylindrical structure that contains 13 rows of the protein tubulin around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella. |
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Definition
| Membrane-bound organelle in which ATP molecules are produced in during the process of cellular respiration. |
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Term
| NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) |
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Definition
| Coenzyme that functions as a carrier of electrons and hydrogen ions, especially in cellular respiration. |
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Definition
| Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. |
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| Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus. |
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| Dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits. |
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| Semifluid medium of the nucleus, containing chromatin. |
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| Membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell. |
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| Small membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function. |
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| Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
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| Measure the tendency of water to move across a selectively permeable membrane; visible as an increase in liquid on the side of the membrane with higher solute concentration. |
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| Process by which amoeboid-type cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole. |
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| Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from the cell. |
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| String of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis. |
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| Substance that forms as a result of a reaction. |
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Definition
| Type of cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. |
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| Substance that participates in a reaction. |
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Definition
| RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. |
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| Having degrees of permeability. |
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| Reactant in a reaction controlled by an enzyme. |
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Definition
| Osmolarity of a solution compared with that of a cell. If the solution is isotonic to the cell, there is no net movement of water; if the solution is hypotonic, the cell gains water; if the solution is hypertonic, the cell loses water. |
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Definition
| Small, membrane-bound sac that stores substances within a cell. |
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