Term
| Describe the structure of lipids |
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Definition
| Lipids are organic compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked together with hydrogen bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated? Which is healthier and why? |
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Definition
A saturated fatty acid has no double bonds and has a maximum number of bonded hydrogen atoms. Saturated fats are the less healthy of the two because they pack tightly together and solidify at room temperature.
The reverse is true for saturated fats. |
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Term
| What does glycerol consist of? |
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Definition
| Glycerol consists of a three carbon alcohol (propenol) molecule with three hydroxyl groups. |
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Term
| What are waxes? Give an example from Kingdoms Animalia and Plantae. |
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Definition
| Waxes are a single fatty acid linked to an alcohol. These waxes include the cuticle on plant leaves to retain water and act as a protective coating on animals such as ear wax. |
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Term
| Name the four components of phospholipids. |
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Definition
| Phospholipids contain an amino alcohol, glycerol, phosphate, and fatty acid. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of steroids. |
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Definition
| Steroids are lipids whose carbon skeleton is bent to form four fused rings. All steroids have the same ring pattern, three 6-sided rings and one 5-sided ring |
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Term
| What are cis and Trans config of atoms? |
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Definition
| The terms cis and trans describe the relative orientation of functional groups within a molecule. Cis config means they are on the same side, forming a slight 'U' shape. Trans config means that they are on the opposite sides, forming a slight 'Z' shape. |
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Term
| Draw a saturated fatty acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do phospholipids play a major role? |
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Definition
| Phospholipids have a major role in the plasma membranes. |
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Term
| What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
| The structural difference between DNA and RNA are that RNA is a single polynucleotide strand which contains a hydroxyl off Carbon-2. DNA is a double helix formed from two polynucleotide strands and only has hydrogen on the Carbon-2. DNA contains thymine while RNA contains Uracil instead. |
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Term
| What are nitrogenous bases, and which nitrogenous base differs between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
| Nitrogenous bases are one of three parts of a nucleotide. While DNA and RNA both have Adenine, Guanosine, and Cytosine, only DNA has Thymine and only RNA has Uracil. The base pairing is A - T(U) and C - G |
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Term
| What is the central dogma of molecular biology? |
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Definition
| DNA is transcribed to RNA (transcription) that is then translated into proteins (translation) |
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Term
| What are the 3 components of nucleotides? |
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Definition
| The three components to nucleotides are: a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. |
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Term
| What is a tertiary structure? |
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Definition
| A tertiary structure is the overal 3-D shape of a polypeptide which is a result of the compact combination of a-helixes and b-sheets and the interaction of the amino acid R-groups. |
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Term
| How do R groups of amino acids orient themselves? |
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Definition
| The R-groups of the amino acids will usually orient themselves to accommodate their affinity to water. The amino acids that are hydrophilic will turn outward to be surround by the fluid while the hydrophobic groups will move inwards away from the fluids. |
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Term
| What are quaternary structures? |
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Definition
| This refers to proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain. It is the association of the subunits that gives rise to a protein's quaternary structure. |
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Term
| How are proteins denatured, and what is happening during the process? |
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Definition
| Proteins can lose there distinct 3-D shape and function by changes in pH, salt concentration, and through changes in temperature. |
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Term
| How is DNA held together? |
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Definition
| DNA is held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs. |
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Term
| How are nucleic acid formed? Describe the process and the results. |
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Definition
| Nucleic acids are formed from nucleotides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrocarbons are compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen. |
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Term
| Define isomers and give an example? |
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Definition
| Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures. An example would be butene or glucose. |
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Term
| Recognize functional groups and what groups are in each macromolecule. |
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Definition
The functional groups are:
Hydroxyl group which are in Alcohols
Carbonyl group which are in sugars
Carboxyl group which are in carboxylic acids
Amino Groups which are in amines
Phosphate group which are in organic phosphates. |
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Term
| How are monomers related to polymers? |
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Definition
| A monomer is related to a polymer as it is the subunit of a polymer. |
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Term
| Explain dehydration syntheses in detail and give an example. How does it differ from hydrolysis? |
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Definition
| Dehydration synthesis is a reaction that removes a molecule of water to link monomers together to form polymers. This method removes a hydrogen atom from one molecule and a hydroxyl atom from the next to cause the two molecules to form bonds with each other. |
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Term
| What are two monosaccharides and draw the structures |
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Definition
| Two important monosaccharides are glucose and fructose. |
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Term
| What are the differences between glucose and fructose? |
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Definition
| An obvious difference is that the glucose molecule has 5 carbons of its 6 Carbon skeleton in a circle while the Fructose only has four of them. In Fructose, the missing carbon shows up extending down from the carbon-1 and has H2OH attached to it. |
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Term
| What specifically is the difference between α-glucose and β-glucose? |
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Definition
| On the Carbon-1 in α-glucose the hydroxyl is going down and the hydrogen is going up. The reverse is true for β-glucose. |
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Term
| What are two different disaccharides? What are the monomers? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many monomers are in oligosaccharides? Where do they attach on the cell surface and what are they called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are polysaccharides linked together? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of monomer makes up starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What shape does start molecules form? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does glycogen differ from starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do cellulose molecules and join together? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 examples of polysaccharides and what are they made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are polysaccharides used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process do plants and animals use to break down starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the structural differences between starch, glycogen and cellulose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes carbohydrates hydrophilic? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates are hydrophilic because of the many hydroxyl groups. |
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Term
| What do enzymes do in a chemical reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of monomer makes up protein polymers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give examples of 4 types of protein uses. |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw 2 amino acids of your choice. |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw examples of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis using 2 amino acids. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between dipeptide and polypeptide? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a protein and polypeptide chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary protein structure and what causes it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the secondary structure and what causes it? |
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Definition
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