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Definition
| the sum of an individual's beliefs about their own personality ( composed of schemas) |
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| a self belief that guides the processing of self relevant information. Whatver you view as part of your self concept is considered schematic to it |
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| using other people as a mirror in which we see our self. Meade- we know ourselves by imagining what significant others thing of us then incorporate this into the self concept |
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| Wilson 2002 " Strangers to Ourselves" |
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Definition
| introspection can impair self knowledge. Humans process too much info which is why we fail to understand out own thoughts and to factor into feelings and behavior |
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| the process of predicting how one will feel in response to future emotional events. Humans suck at this |
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| Wilson and Gilbert ( 2003, 2005)- people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions |
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| when internal cues are difficult to interpret; people gain insight by observing their own behavior ( if situational pressure is not present) |
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| Vicarious self perception |
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Definition
| we view ourselves based on how we view the actions of people we closely identify with |
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| Facial feedback hypthesis |
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Definition
| a change in expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion |
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| over justification effect |
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| the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors ( unless reward is sincere verbal praise; otherwise it enhances our intrinsic motivation) |
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| Festinger- people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others. 2 big questions people focus on: 1. when do people look to others for comparison 2. who do they compare themselves to |
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| 2 factor theory of emotion |
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Definition
| the experience of emotion is based on psychological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal |
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Term
| When do people not recall recent autobiographical memories? |
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Definition
| adults usually recall memories of their teenage and young adult lives. People recall their transitional firsts |
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| specific memories about situations that feel special and preserve a specific landmark ( such as 9/11) |
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| an eastern system of that that accept the coexistence of conflicting characteristics within 1 person |
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| an affective component of the self consisting of a person's positive and negative self evaluations ( in flux with mood) |
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| Why do people need self esteem |
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Definition
1. Leary and Baumeister 2000- people are social and the desire for self esteem is driven by a need to connect and gain approval.
2. Greenberg, Solomon, Pyszcynski 1997- terror management- humans cope with the fear of death by constructing worldviews that preserve self esteem ( like turning to religion) |
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| Klinge et al 1999, Orenstein 1999 |
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Definition
| adolescent and adult women score lower on self esteem scores. Males have the "male ego" ( big yet fragile) and have higher confidence than women |
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| African Americans are the most confident, hispanics, asians, and native americans have lowest confidence |
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| Self discrepancy theory ( Higgins 1989) |
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Definition
| self esteem is defined by the match/ mismatch between the actual self, the ought self ( who we should be) and the ideal self ( what we want to be). Low self esteem is created by a difference between actual and ideal selves ( self discrepancy ) |
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Term
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Definition
| self focused attention leads people to notice self discrepancies thereby motivating an escape from self aware behavior or a change in it. Typically people try to change( shape up) and if they can't the withdraw from self conscious thoughts ( ship out) |
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| Private self consciousness |
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Definition
| a personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attends to their own inner states |
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| public self consciousness |
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Definition
| a personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as a social object seen by others |
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| Gervais and Norenzayan (2012) |
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Definition
| when religious people are primed to think about god they claim to act more socially desireable |
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| the process by which people control their thoughts, feelings or behaviors in order to achieve a personal or social goal |
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| Baumesiter and Muraven 2000 |
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Definition
| self control is like a muscle and draws from a limited reservoir. After enough use, you drain it and require a period to recharge it. thus resisting early in the day makes resistance later in the day difficult |
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| nonconscious form of self enhancement in which people are quicker to associate words, numbers, characteristics related to the self with positive descriptions |
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| behaviors designed to sabotage performance in order to provide an excuse for subsequent failure |
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| increase self esteem by associating with others who are successful and distancing from the unsuccessful. |
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| taking credit for success and blaming failure on factors out of one's control. People believe they have more control of their personal outcomes than they actually do. |
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| Downward social comparisons |
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Definition
| the defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are. We adjust our frame of reference downward after failure. |
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| Wilson and Ross 2000 ( social comparisons |
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Definition
| people make temporal comparisons between our past and present selves ( better today than I was yesterday). |
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| people with low self esteem are actually have more realistic views of themselves |
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| People are less nervous about lying if they believe their own deception |
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