Term
| What are the four attributes of living organisms? |
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Definition
(1) Growth
(2) Response to Stimulus
(3) Metabolism
(4) Replication |
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Term
| Are viruses living organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What attributes of living organisms do viruses lack? |
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Definition
(1) Growth (Viruses assemble but they do not grow.)
(2) Metabolism
(3) Stimulus Response |
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Term
| What are the components of polymers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determins the polarity of biopolymers? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the percentages of the total number of atoms in the human body for the
elements H, O, C, and N? |
|
Definition
H : ~ 60%
O : ~ 30%
C : ~ 10%
N : ~ 1% |
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Term
What are the bond dissociation energies for the C–H, C–C, C–N, C–O, and C=C
bonds in kJ/mol or kcal/mol? |
|
Definition
C–H : 414 kJ/mol, 99 kcal/mol
C–C : 343 kJ/mol, 82 kcal/mol
C–N : 292 kJ/mol, 70 kcal/mol
C–O : 351 kJ/mol, 84 kcal/mol
C=C : 615 kJ/mol, 147 kcal/mol |
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Term
| What feature does carbon’s bond geometry confer upon the topology of organic compounds? |
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Definition
| Organic compounds may branch in three dimensions. |
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Term
What are the strengths of van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, and ionic
interactions. |
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Definition
van der Waals interactions : 0.4-4 kJ/mol, 0.1-1.0 kcal/mol
Hydrogen bonds : 12-30 kJ/mol, 3-7 kcal/mol
Ionic interactions : 20 kJ/mol, 5 kcal/mol |
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Term
| What are the van der Waals radii of the elements H and C? |
|
Definition
H : 0.1nm = 1Å
C : 0.17nm = 1.7Å |
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Term
| What are the covalent radii for the elements H, C, N, and O? |
|
Definition
H : 0.037 nm = 0.37 Å
C : 0.077 nm = 0.77 Å
N : 0.070 nm = 0.70 Å
O : 0.066 nm = 0.66 Å |
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Term
| Sketch a graph of the potential energy of two close atoms (minimum detail). |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the typical distance of an H bond? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the distance of the N–H- - -O H bond? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the importance of the N–H- - -O H bond? |
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Definition
| It is the predominant type of H bond found in protein structure. |
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Term
Sketch the hydrogen bond geometries of the (1) carboxyl hydroxyl, (2) secondary
amine, (3) carbonyl, (4) phosphoester functional groups. |
|
Definition
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Term
What are the approximate molecular weights, in Daltons, of (1) metabolic precursors,
(2) metabolites, (3) amino acids, (4) nucleotides, and (5) lysozyme (a small protein)? |
|
Definition
(1) precursors : ~20 to ~70 Da
(2) metabolites : ~50 to ~250 Da
(3) amino acids : ~80 to ~200 Da
(4) nucleotides : ~330 Da
(5) lysozyme : ~14,000 Da |
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Term
What are the time scales, in seconds, of (1) enzyme catalysis, (2) diffusion in membranes,
and (3) protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
(1) enzyme catalysis : ~10^−6 to ~1 s
(2) diffusion in membranes : ~1 s
(3)protein synthesis : ~10^1 to ~10^2 s |
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Term
|
Definition
| make a copy; make an exact copy |
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Term
|
Definition
| infectious genetic elements enclosed in a protein coat |
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Term
|
Definition
the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain
life |
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Term
|
Definition
| a substance necessary for metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
a molecule that is involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of
living organisms |
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Term
| cell membrane/ Plasma membrane |
|
Definition
lipid bilayer surrounding a cell, separating the cell contents from the
outside environment |
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Term
|
Definition
organized or specialized structures within a living cell, usually surrounded by
a membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the
genetic material |
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Term
|
Definition
a molecule containing a very large number of atoms; in biology, typically
a protein or nucleic acid |
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Term
|
Definition
any of the spatial arrangements that the atoms in a molecule may adopt
and freely convert between, especially by rotation about individual single bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| the object formed by a group of interacting molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| the object formed by a group of interacting macromolecules |
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|
Term
|
Definition
a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a
large number of similar units bonded together |
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Term
|
Definition
| single-celled organisms that lack cell nuclei and other organelles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
single- or multi-celled organisms with cells that have cell nuclei and other
organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or
most of the genetic material |
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Term
|
Definition
a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine
some characteristic of the offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells; it is a single
piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide
sequences containing protein, carrying genetic information in the form of genes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism |
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Term
|
Definition
sum of attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or parts of
molecules other than those forces due to covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, or electrostatic
interaction |
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