Term
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Definition
the balance of chemical and physical conditions in the body to sustain life |
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Term
What do cells do in order to maintain homeostasis? |
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Definition
coordinate via signaling pathways involving cell receptors |
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Term
What does medication bind to? |
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Definition
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How can you resolve homeostatic imbalance? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
universal term for anything that binds to a receptor |
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Term
What are the two ways drugs can bind to receptors? |
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Definition
1.cell-surface receptos-on plasma membrane 2.cytoplasmic receptors-inside the cell |
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Term
How so cytoplasmic receptors work? |
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Definition
have chemical properties that allow them to cross the plasma membrane to reach the receptors inside |
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Term
What are the two types of fast channel cell surface receptors? |
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Definition
1.Ligand-gated channels 2.Voltage gated channels |
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Term
How do ligand gated channels work? |
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Definition
-most common -open when signal molecule binds |
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ow do voltage-gated channels work? |
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Definition
-open when membrane potential changes -its an electrical change that causes the channels to open |
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Term
What is the first messenger of cell surface receptors? |
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Definition
The drug, it binds to the cell surface receptor, binds to outside to change shape of things inside |
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Term
What is the second messenger? |
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Definition
-inside the cell -causes an intracellular response |
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Term
Any place there is a BLANK for a drug, that area will be effected by the drug. |
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Definition
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Term
What type of drugs diffuse into the cell with cytoplasmic receptors? |
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Definition
lipophilic drugs(fat-loving, same as hydrophobic) |
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Term
What happens to drugs with cytoplasmic receptors? |
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Definition
-bind to receptor in the cytoplam -drug/receptor complex moves into the nucleus |
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Term
What happens when a drug moves into the nucleus of the cell? |
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Definition
-binds to DNA -changes transcription |
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Term
A drug that effects the DNA will eventually effect what? |
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Definition
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Term
What does facilitated diffusion require? |
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Definition
some sort of transporter protein, this is passive transport and does not require ATP |
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Term
What is active transport? |
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Definition
movement up the concentration gradient, requirs energy (ATP) |
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Term
What are drugs patterned off of? |
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Definition
natural ligands in the body, so they are artificial ligands |
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Term
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Definition
drugs that occupy receptors and activate them |
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Term
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Definition
drugs that occupy receptors but do not activate them, antagonists block receptor activation by agonists |
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Term
What happens with agonists? |
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Definition
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Term
What happens with agonists and antagonists together? |
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Definition
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What happens with antagonists alone? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
induces a 100% signal or response |
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Term
What is a partial agonist? |
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Definition
induces <100% signal or response |
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Term
What do agonists activate a receptor like? |
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Definition
at the same level as a natural ligand |
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Term
What are the two types of antagonists? |
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Definition
competitive and noncompetitive |
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Term
How do competitive antagonists work? |
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Definition
-binds to the same site as the agonist and prevents the agonist from binding -can be overcome by adding more agionist |
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Term
How do noncompetitive antagonists work? |
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Definition
-binds to receptor outside of agonist binding site, it reduces agonist activity through other mechanisms -CANNOT be overcome by adding more agonist |
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Term
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Definition
-central carbon(chiral) attached to 4 other atoms/groups -form mirror image |
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Term
Do stereoisomers have the same biological effect? |
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Definition
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Term
What are some other names for stereoisomers? |
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Definition
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Term
What do drugs affect(overall)? |
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Definition
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Term
What do drugs act through? |
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Definition
receptors in the body -affect biological molecules that normally use those receptors -alter the response of a cell/tissue |
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Term
what is the chemical structure of a drug important to? |
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Definition
the drug's mechanism of action |
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Term
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Definition
study of what happens with a drug from the time it goes into the body until it leaves the body |
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Term
What are the ADME properties? |
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Definition
1.Absorption 2.Distribution 3.Metabolism 4.Excretion |
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Term
What is the plasma membrane composed of? |
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Definition
primarily phospholipids and proteins |
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Term
What does the plasma membrane do? |
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Definition
regulated entry of molecules into the cell |
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Term
What is the therapeutic range? |
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Definition
area on a dose response curve between the minimal dose and maximal effect |
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Term
When does the maximal effect occur? |
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Definition
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Term
Is dose on a dose response curve on the X or Y axis? |
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Definition
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Term
How do you calculate effective dose? |
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Definition
it is the effect of the drug seen at 50% response |
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Term
What are lethal doses tested on? |
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Definition
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Term
What do we want when it comes to effective and lethal doses? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the therapeutic index of a drug need to be for the FDA to approve it? |
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Definition
at least 10, for example if 1 pill is the ED(effective dose) then the LD(lethal dose) must be at least 10 pills |
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Term
What does the therapeutic index do? |
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Definition
-helps determine the likelihood of toxicity before clinical trials -can only be determined on animals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the amount of a drug needed to produce a desired effet |
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Term
What must be true to compare two drug's potency? |
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Definition
the two drugs must reach the same level of response |
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Term
What determines if a drug is more potent than another? |
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Definition
is the desired response is reached at a lower level |
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Term
What has to be true to compare two drug efficacies? |
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Definition
the two drugs have to be compared over same range of doses |
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Term
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Definition
wheather a drug reaches a maximal effect when administered regardless of potency |
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Term
So what does a higher efficacy mean? |
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Definition
there is a higher response at the SAME dose(dose is constant) |
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Term
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Definition
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Why do chemical bonds form? |
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Definition
so atoms have a complete outer shell of electrons to improve stability |
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Term
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Definition
give, take, or share electrons |
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Term
What are the types of bonds? |
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Definition
ionic, covalent, hydrogen |
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Term
What do ionic bonds form? |
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Definition
-salts -between metals and nonmetals -one atom takes electron away from another |
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Term
What happens with electron formation? |
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Definition
-ion formation -opposite charges attract |
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Term
What kind of molecules do ionic bonds form? What are these molecules soluble in? |
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Definition
hydrophilic, soluble in plasma |
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Term
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Definition
takes electron, negative change |
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Term
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Definition
gives electrons, positive charge |
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Term
What is covalent bonding? |
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Definition
electron sharing, stronger than ionic bonds |
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Term
What are the two types of covalent bonds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-unequal sharing -forms hydrophilic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
-equal sharing -forms hydrophobic/lipophilic molecules |
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Term
What does polarity allow formation of? |
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Definition
Hydrogen bonds, these are hydrophilic (bind to surface receptors) |
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Term
Any sort of charge allows BLANK and this allows BLANK to form. |
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Definition
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Term
What can lipophilic molecules bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
WHat are the charges like in polar covalent bonds? |
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Definition
"delta" or slight positive and "delta" or slight negative |
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