Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Fundamentals of Drug Action
Pharm. Chapter 3
73
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 2
01/27/2013

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is homeostasis?
Definition
the balance of chemical and physical conditions in the body to sustain life
Term
What do cells do in order to maintain homeostasis?
Definition
coordinate via signaling pathways involving cell receptors
Term
What does medication bind to?
Definition
cell receptors
Term
How can you resolve homeostatic imbalance?
Definition
may require medication
Term
What us a ligand?
Definition
universal term for anything that binds to a receptor
Term
What are the two ways drugs can bind to receptors?
Definition
1.cell-surface receptos-on plasma membrane
2.cytoplasmic receptors-inside the cell
Term
How so cytoplasmic receptors work?
Definition
have chemical properties that allow them to cross the plasma membrane to reach the receptors inside
Term
What are the two types of fast channel cell surface receptors?
Definition
1.Ligand-gated channels
2.Voltage gated channels
Term
How do ligand gated channels work?
Definition
-most common
-open when signal molecule binds
Term
ow do voltage-gated channels work?
Definition
-open when membrane potential changes
-its an electrical change that causes the channels to open
Term
What is the first messenger of cell surface receptors?
Definition
The drug, it binds to the cell surface receptor, binds to outside to change shape of things inside
Term
What is the second messenger?
Definition
-inside the cell
-causes an intracellular response
Term
Any place there is a BLANK for a drug, that area will be effected by the drug.
Definition
Receptor
Term
What type of drugs diffuse into the cell with cytoplasmic receptors?
Definition
lipophilic drugs(fat-loving, same as hydrophobic)
Term
What happens to drugs with cytoplasmic receptors?
Definition
-bind to receptor in the cytoplam
-drug/receptor complex moves into the nucleus
Term
What happens when a drug moves into the nucleus of the cell?
Definition
-binds to DNA
-changes transcription
Term
A drug that effects the DNA will eventually effect what?
Definition
protein levels
Term
What does facilitated diffusion require?
Definition
some sort of transporter protein, this is passive transport and does not require ATP
Term
What is active transport?
Definition
movement up the concentration gradient, requirs energy (ATP)
Term
What are drugs patterned off of?
Definition
natural ligands in the body, so they are artificial ligands
Term
What are agonists?
Definition
drugs that occupy receptors and activate them
Term
What are antagonists?
Definition
drugs that occupy receptors but do not activate them, antagonists block receptor activation by agonists
Term
What happens with agonists?
Definition
full activation
Term
What happens with agonists and antagonists together?
Definition
less activation
Term
What happens with antagonists alone?
Definition
no activation
Term
What is a full agonists?
Definition
induces a 100% signal or response
Term
What is a partial agonist?
Definition
induces <100% signal or response
Term
What do agonists activate a receptor like?
Definition
at the same level as a natural ligand
Term
What are the two types of antagonists?
Definition
competitive and noncompetitive
Term
How do competitive antagonists work?
Definition
-binds to the same site as the agonist and prevents the agonist from binding
-can be overcome by adding more agionist
Term
How do noncompetitive antagonists work?
Definition
-binds to receptor outside of agonist binding site, it reduces agonist activity through other mechanisms
-CANNOT be overcome by adding more agonist
Term
What are stereoisomers?
Definition
-central carbon(chiral) attached to 4 other atoms/groups
-form mirror image
Term
Do stereoisomers have the same biological effect?
Definition
may not!
Term
What are some other names for stereoisomers?
Definition
-enantiomers
-chirals
Term
What do drugs affect(overall)?
Definition
homeostasis
Term
What do drugs act through?
Definition
receptors in the body
-affect biological molecules that normally use those receptors
-alter the response of a cell/tissue
Term
what is the chemical structure of a drug important to?
Definition
the drug's mechanism of action
Term
What is pharmokinetics?
Definition
study of what happens with a drug from the time it goes into the body until it leaves the body
Term
What are the ADME properties?
Definition
1.Absorption
2.Distribution
3.Metabolism
4.Excretion
Term
What is the plasma membrane composed of?
Definition
primarily phospholipids and proteins
Term
What does the plasma membrane do?
Definition
regulated entry of molecules into the cell
Term
What is the therapeutic range?
Definition
area on a dose response curve between the minimal dose and maximal effect
Term
When does the maximal effect occur?
Definition
past saturation
Term
Is dose on a dose response curve on the X or Y axis?
Definition
X axis
Term
How do you calculate effective dose?
Definition
it is the effect of the drug seen at 50% response
Term
What are lethal doses tested on?
Definition
only animals
Term
What do we want when it comes to effective and lethal doses?
Definition
a big difference in them
Term
What does the therapeutic index of a drug need to be for the FDA to approve it?
Definition
at least 10, for example if 1 pill is the ED(effective dose) then the LD(lethal dose) must be at least 10 pills
Term
What does the therapeutic index do?
Definition
-helps determine the likelihood of toxicity before clinical trials
-can only be determined on animals
Term
TI(therapeutic index)=
Definition
LD50/ED50
Term
What is drug potency?
Definition
the amount of a drug needed to produce a desired effet
Term
What must be true to compare two drug's potency?
Definition
the two drugs must reach the same level of response
Term
What determines if a drug is more potent than another?
Definition
is the desired response is reached at a lower level
Term
What has to be true to compare two drug efficacies?
Definition
the two drugs have to be compared over same range of doses
Term
What is drug efficacy?
Definition
wheather a drug reaches a maximal effect when administered regardless of potency
Term
So what does a higher efficacy mean?
Definition
there is a higher response at the SAME dose(dose is constant)
Term
All compounds have...
Definition
chemical bonds
Term
Why do chemical bonds form?
Definition
so atoms have a complete outer shell of electrons to improve stability
Term
Atoms can...
Definition
give, take, or share electrons
Term
What are the types of bonds?
Definition
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
Term
What do ionic bonds form?
Definition
-salts
-between metals and nonmetals
-one atom takes electron away from another
Term
What happens with electron formation?
Definition
-ion formation
-opposite charges attract
Term
What kind of molecules do ionic bonds form? What are these molecules soluble in?
Definition
hydrophilic, soluble in plasma
Term
Anion
Definition
takes electron, negative change
Term
Cation
Definition
gives electrons, positive charge
Term
What is covalent bonding?
Definition
electron sharing, stronger than ionic bonds
Term
What are the two types of covalent bonds
Definition
1.polar
2.nonpolar
Term
What is a polar bond?
Definition
-unequal sharing
-forms hydrophilic molecules
Term
What is a nonpolar bond?
Definition
-equal sharing
-forms hydrophobic/lipophilic molecules
Term
What does polarity allow formation of?
Definition
Hydrogen bonds, these are hydrophilic (bind to surface receptors)
Term
Any sort of charge allows BLANK and this allows BLANK to form.
Definition
polarity, hydrogen bonds
Term
What can lipophilic molecules bind to?
Definition
cytoplasmic receptors
Term
WHat are the charges like in polar covalent bonds?
Definition
"delta" or slight positive and "delta" or slight negative
Supporting users have an ad free experience!