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| methane and other compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen |
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| the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule |
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| compounds with the same formula but different structures |
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| polar, aldehyde- at the end of the carbon backbone, ketone- attached to the interior carbon (-C=O) |
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| four main classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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| a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together |
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| building blocks of polymers, small structural units of the four organic families |
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| a reaction which removes a molecule of water. a -OH group from one molecule and a H atom from another are removed, a water molecule is formed |
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| digests polymers too large to enter cells, reverse of dehydration reaction, break bonds by adding water. breaking polymers back into monomers, polymer is split then an -OH molecule is added to one end and a H atom to the other |
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| specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells |
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| carbohydrate monomers ex. glucose, fructose, 1-2-1 ratio (CH2O) |
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| formed from two monsaccharides by a dehydration reaction, most common one is sucrose, made of a glucose monomer linked to a fructose monomer |
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| polymers of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions, may functions as storage molecules or structural compounds |
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| consists entirely of glucose monomers,a storage polysaccharide in plants, foil in a helical shape because of the angles of the bonds joining their glucose units, can be branched or unbranched |
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| more highly branched than starch, animals store excess sugar in glycogen, our glycogen is stored in granules in our liver and muscle cells |
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| the most abundant organic compound on Earth, forms cablelike fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells. also a polymer of glucose, but its glucose monomers are linked together in a different orientation. |
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| another structural polysaccharide, used by insects and crustaceans to build their exoskeleton, and also found in the cell walls of fungi. humans use chitin to make a strong and flexible surgical threas that decomposes after a wound heals |
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| less than the maximum number of hydrogens, double bonds in the carbon chain, liquid at room temperature |
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| maximum number of hydrogens, solid at room temperature, single bonds |
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| major components of cell membranes, structurally similar to fats, but contain only 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of three; in place of the third fatty acid is a negatively charged phosphate group |
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| lipids whose carbon skeleton contains four fused rings |
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| all have an amino group and a carboxyl group, which are both covalent bonded to the alpha carbon. the alpha carbon is also bonded to a hydrogen and a chemical group symbolized by the letter R |
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| amino acids are joined together in a dehydration reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid as a water molecule is removed, resulting in a covalent linkage |
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| the product of a peptide bond, made from two amino acids |
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| the sequence of amino acids forming its polypeptide chains |
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| the coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen bonds |
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| overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions among R groups |
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| proteins made of more than one polypeptide have this |
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| monomers of nucleic acids, each has three parts: a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (a molecular structure containing carbon and nitrogen) |
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