Term
|
Definition
| The effort to slow the growth of the federal government by returning many functions to the states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constitutional arrangement in which power is distributed between a central government and subdivisional governments, called states in the United States. The national and the subdivisional governments both exercise direct authority over individuals. |
|
|
Term
| Dual federalism (layer cake federalism) |
|
Definition
| Views the Constitution as giving a limited list of powers—primarily foreign policy and national defense—to the national government, leaving the rest to the sovereign states. Each level of government is dominant within its own sphere. The Supreme Court serves as the umpire between the national government and the states in disputes over which level of government has responsibility for a particular activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stresses federalism as a system of intergovernmental relations in delivering governmental goods and services to the people and calls for cooperation among various levels of government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conceives of federalism as a marble cake in which all levels of government are involved in a variety of issues and programs, rather than a layer cake, or dual federalism, with fixed divisions between layers or levels of government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Views the national government, 50 states, and thousands of local governments as competing with each other over ways to put together packages of services and taxes. Applies the analogy of the marketplace: we have some choice about which state and city we want to “use”, just as we have choices about what kind of telephone service we use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Implies that although federalism provides “a sharing of power and authority between the national and state governments, the state’s share rests upon the permission and permissiveness of the national government.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Championed by Ronald Reagan, presumes that the power of the federal government is limited in favor of the broad powers reserved to the states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constitutional arrangement that concentrates power in a central government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constitutional arrangement in which sovereign nations or states, by compact, create a central government but carefully limit its power and do not give it direct authority over individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Powers the Constitution specifically grants to one of the branches of the national government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. |
|
|
Term
| Necessary and proper clause |
|
Definition
| Clause of the Constitution (Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The powers of the national government in foreign affairs that the Supreme Court has declared do not depend on constitutional grants but rather grow out of the very existence of the national government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The clause in the Constitution (Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A requirement the federal government imposes as a condition for receiving federal funds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes. |
|
|
Term
| Full faith and credit clause |
|
Definition
| Clause in the Constitution (Article 4, Section 1) requiring each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one states to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An agreement among two or more states. Congress must approve most such agreements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constitutional doctrine that whenever conflict occurs between the constitutionally authorized actions of the national government and those of a state or local government, the actions of the federal government will prevail. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The right of a federal law or a regulation to preclude enforcement of a state or local law or regulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who favor national action over action at the state and local levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who favor state or local action rather than national action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Powers expressly or implicitly reserved to the states. |
|
|
Term
| Categorical-formula grants |
|
Definition
| Congress appropriates funds for a specific purpose, such as school lunches or for building airports and highways. These funds are allocated by formula and are subject to detailed federal conditions, often on a matching basis; that is, the local government receiving the federal funds must put up some of its own dollars. Categorical grants, in addition, provide federal supervision to ensure that the federal dollars are spent as Congress wants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congress appropriates a certain sum, which is allocated to state and local units and sometimes to nongovernmental agencies, based on applications from those who wish to participate. Examples are grants by the National Science Foundation to universities and research institutes to support the work of scientists or grants to states and localities to support training and employment programs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These are broad state grants to states for prescribed activities—welfare, child care, education, social services, preventive health care, and health services—with only a few strings attached. States have greater flexibility in deciding how to spend block grant dollars, but when the federal funds for any fiscal year are gone, there are no more matching federal dollars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A technique of Congress to establish federal regulations. Direct orders must be complied with under threat of criminal or civil sanction. An example is the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, barring job discrimination by state and local governments on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. |
|
|
Term
| Cross-cutting requirements |
|
Definition
| A technique of Congress to establish federal regulations. Federal grants may establish certain conditions that extend to all activities supported by federal funds, regardless of their source. The first and most famous of these is Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which holds that in the use of federal funds, no person may be discriminated against on the basis of race, color, or national origin. More than 60 cross-cutting requirements concern such matters as the environment, historic preservation, contract wage rates, access to government information, the care of experimental animals, and the treatment of human subjects in research projects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A technique of Congress to establish federal regulations. These sanctions permit the use of federal money in one program to influence state and local policy in another. For example, a 1984 act reduced federal highway aid by up to 15 percent for any state that failed to adopt a minimum drinking age of 21. |
|
|
Term
| Total and Partial Preemption |
|
Definition
| A technique of Congress to establish federal regulations. Total preemption rests on the national governments power under the supremacy and commerce clauses to preempt conflicting state and local activity. Building on this constitutional authority, federal law in certain areas entirely preempts state and local governments from the field. Sometimes federal law provides for partial preemption in establishing basic policies but requires states to administer them. Some programs give states an option not to participate, but if a state chooses not to do so, the national government steps in and runs the program. Even worse from the state’s point of view is mandatory partial preemption, in which the national government requires states to act on peril of losing other funds but provides no funds to support state action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During the Great Society, the marble cake approach of intergovernmental relations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Through different grant programs, slices up the marble cake into many different pieces, making it even more difficult to differentiate the functions of the levels of government. |
|
|
Term
| “Necessary and proper” clause |
|
Definition
| Clause in the Constitution that states that “Congress should have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers. . . .” This clause is also known as the elastic clause as is a major and significant power of Congress, granting Congress the ability to interpret its lawmaking ability in a broad manner. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The means by which individuals can express preferences regarding the development of public policy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photo opportunities set up by the candidates. The media have been accused of simplifying complicated political issues by relying on photo ops to explain them to the public. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 30-second statements on the evening news shows. The media have been accused of simplifying complicated political issues by relying on sound bites to explain them to the public. |
|
|
