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| Early Chinese Psychologies |
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-was tied to a larger worldview organized around the number 5
-believed in 5 basic elements: wood, fire, metal, earth, and water
-believed in 5 basic organs: ear, eye, nose, mouth, and body
-believed in 5 senses: hearing, vision, smell, taste, and touch
-believed in 5 tastes: sweet, sour, salt, bitter, and acid
-believed in 5 colors: green, red, yellow, black, and white
-believed in 5 smells: burning, fragrant, goatish, rank, and rotten
-believed in 5 emotions: anger, joy, desire, sorrow, and fear |
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(551-479 BCE) a chinese philosopher proposed 5 different types of human relations: ruler and minister, father and son, elder brother and younger brother, husband and wife, and one friend and another
-was interested in the moral life and harmony among people
-his belief that the body was sacred was counterproductive and discouraged the practice of dissection |
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-(c.298-c. 212 BCE)
-is sometimes compared with the Greek philosopher Aristotle
-a naturalist who emphasized the regularity and orderliness of nature
-argued for rational and empirical methods and against superstition.
-did not believe in divine intervention bc nature has a mind of its own
-believe basic human nature is evil, but can attain goodness through education. |
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| -is related to qualitites like weakness, softness, femininity, hearing, coldness, and moistness |
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| -is related with qualities such as force, hardness, masculinity, heat, and dryness |
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| Chinese cognitive processes |
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-very important
-believed that the mind plays a dominant role, whereas, the body acts as its servant.
-thought that mind and body are integrated and inseparable |
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-regarded as one of the greatest civilizations of antiquity
-babylonians studied mathematics, geography, astronomy, law, medicine, and language
-gods were thought to rule over everything from astronomical events to taxation
-human imagination was the limitation of gods.
-gods could be friendly at times and hostile at other times
-gods were very active in human affairs
-each disease had its own demon, which could be execised through special medicines, confessions, magic rites and other procedures were thought to bring harmony
-also believed in preventive treatment |
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-prevailing religious perspectives influenced many ideas about psychology
-the polytheistic Egyptians had no trouble finding things to worship
-believed in immortality
-viewed the heart as the seat of cognitive activity
-emphasized the importance of names (an object and its name shared a close identity so that the cursing of a name or the destruction of a name could hold great psychological importance.
-women held higher social status
-medicine was a blend of superstition and observation
-they believed insects, filth, and devils spread disease
-medicine was designed for ingestion or external applications
-emphasized hygiene
-recognized the emotional disorder of hysteria, which was believed to result from a uterus and wandered to another part her body |
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| oldest sacred books of India setting forth many early ideas on psychological matters |
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| Vedic treaties dealing with philosophical and psychological matters |
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-a major theme centers on the problems of knowledge and desire
-emphasized respect for the mystery of life
-they believed an infant's personality could be traced to maternal characteristics during pregnancy
-believed that excessive emotional expression could produce mental disorders |
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-jewish philosophy developed in the context of radical monotheism
-believed in one god
-viewed Jehovah as an all-powerful source of reward and punishment
-also stressed human responsibility and freedom of choice
-characterized as an if-then belief system
-unique regard with their children
-child sacrifice was performed in a limited fashion |
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-humans were viewed as the testing ground for the forces of good and evil
-not friendly to the growth of philosophy or science |
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| Major prophet of the Zoroastrian religion |
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| holy book of the Zoroastrian religion |
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| -produced an explosion of intellectual curiosity |
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| the nature of the universe |
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| the origin of the universe |
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-insisted on scientific interpretations of the world rather than mystical and religious ones
-believed that water was the primal substance of the universe
-interested in the problem of movement
-believed that a magnetic stone possess a soul |
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-Thales successor and pupil
-claimed that the basic stuff of the universe was infinite and formless
-believed in evolution |
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-believed that air was the primal substance of the universe
-believed that the soul is rarefied air and the soul holds the body together |
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-coined the term philosophy
-believed that numbers are absolute and unchanging and can affect the existence of objects on earth
-condemned slavery |
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-Pythagoras' wife
-was a philosopher who played a key role in the society's educational activities |
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-daughter of Pythagoras and Theana
-her work focused on moderation and balance
-provided the some of the earliest advice on the care of infants |
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| -she argued that physical and mental health result from harmony, making her one of the first to emphasize a balance theory of health |
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-known for his epistemological skepticism
-believed that humans do not have certain knowledge only opinion |
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| -his work tackled the problems of rationalism versus empiricism and being versus becoming -the way of seeing is the way mortals view their world -the way of truth is the way an immortal might see the world -believes that reason and the senses provide contrasting information about the world -also interested in mechanisms of perception -believed that "like" perceives "like" |
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-known for his paradoxes of between reason and the senses
-known for his paradoxes of motion-- an arrow on its way toward a target presents a certain paradox. It must first travel half the distance, but then it must travel half the remaining distance. because he thought it possible to divide forever, the arrow should never reach its target. |
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-best-known philosopher of becoming
-Known as the "Dark Philosopher"
-emphasized that only change is real
-believed that the soul could be wet or dry and that wetness is harmful
-had little respect for the knowledge and opinions of most people |
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| -was the founder of atomic theory |
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-developed and refined the atomic theory
-taught that reality was based on atoms and the void
-Atoms are thought to be indivisible and invisible
-there basic structures accounted for the nature of the observable material world |
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-the son of Apollo, the god of Greek medicine
-over 300 temples were built in Greece and Rome to carry on healing traditions
-represents a mixture of rational and mystical techniques, but the greater emphasis appeared to have been on mystical techniques somewhat comparable to the techniques of contemporary faith healers. |
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-practiced dissection
-attempted to trace sensory channels to the brain
-believed that sleep occurs when blood is carried away from the brain to large blood vessels.
-also believed that many sensory defects result when the channels to the brain become clogged.
-he also advanced a homeostatic-equilibrium theory of health |
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-taught that four basic elements are born out of two first principles (love and strife)
-the principles of love and strife act as forces of attraction and repulsion
-also believed in a form of evolutionary theory
-was a vegetarian
-spoke against animal and human sacrifice as the primal sin |
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-devised a naturalistic account of all disease, both physical and mental.
-taught that disease results from a disturbance of balance--and the goal of treatment is the restoration of balance.
-believed that the four natural elements manifest in four bodily humors: Black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm
-was the first to classify emotional disorders: mania, melancholia, paranoia, and epilepsy.
-believed that dreams are indicators of health or illness |
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-a sophist (teacher) who emphasized the doctrine of relativism.
-argued that the world is conditioned by our senses and hence truth is relative |
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-knowledge is not absolute
-it is a product of human mental processes with all their inherent limitations.
-truths change as a function of time, place, and circumstance |
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-teacher of Plato and so important in Greek thought that all philosophy before him is called Pre-Socratic.
-taught that reason is the basis of true knowledge.
-emphasized the importance of self-knowledge |
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-a type of teacher in ancient greece.
-emphasized relativism and how to live successfully.
-often offered plausible but fallacious arguments |
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| -student of Socrates who headed the school of Cyrene following the death of Socrates |
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| -Daughter of Aristippus and head of the school of philosophy at Cyrene following the death of Aristippus. |
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-founded the first European University
-believed rational processes provide true knowledge, whereas sensory information alone offers only appearance and opinion
-objects of sense are always changing
-believed that souls are immortal and
is reincarnated, in which the soul may remember past realities
-believed that the soul was in conflict between rational and irrational forces at work
-believed that the acquisition of knowledge as central to good political leadership
-believed that perception at best provides an approximation to reality and at worst an illusion
-believed that human beings seek pleasure, but the source of pleasure may change with growth.
-believed that irrational an d beastlike forces exist within all people |
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| -a facility purchased by Plato by a park named Academeca in Athen. Plato taught students at this facility. |
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| -there are universal and true principles comprehended through reason. |
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| -a metaphor employed by Plato to convey the idea that the soul can sometimes apprehend true reality |
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-the greek term for soul or mind.
-includes mental processes such as thought, memory, sensation, perception, and so forth. |
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-founded the school known as Lyceum
-was interested in facts as experienced via the senses.
-rejected the idea the universe is irrational or chaotic |
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| a school near Athens founded by Aristotle |
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| a mind-body position advanced by Aristotle, comes from hule,meaning matter and morphe meaning form. Aristotle stressed the interdependence of matter and form. Thus, seeing as a mental process cannot be separated from the physical structure of the eye. |
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-succeeded Aristotle at the Lyceum.
-Extended many of Aristotle's ideas but emphasized material and efficient causes.
-He is sometimes regarded as the Father of Botany. |
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| A term likely coined by Pythagoras from philo (meaning love) and sophia (meaning knowledge or wisdom). Hence, the love of wisdom. |
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