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| a status that we receive involuntarily, without regard to our unique talents, skills, or accomplishments |
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a status we attain through talent, ability, effort, or other unique personal
characteristics |
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a formal organization characterized by a division of labor, a hierarchy of
authority, formal rules governing behavior, a logic of rationality, and an impersonality of
criteria |
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| term used to describe the personality of people who become more committed to following the correct procedures than they are to getting the job done |
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| organizations in which membership is not voluntary |
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| an aggregate of individuals who happen to be together but experience themselves as essentially independent |
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| Erving Goffman’s theory of social life, based around his concept of impression management |
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| sociological tradition in which the researcher tries to expose the common unstated assumptions that enable conversational shortcuts to work |
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| concept from Goffman’s dramaturgy theory, it is our attempt to give the best possible performance in our social interactions |
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| any assortment of people who share (or believe they share) the same norms, values, and expectations |
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| the degree to which the individual members of a group identify with each other and the group |
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| the process by which group members try to preserve harmony and unity in spite of their individual judgments |
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: members of a group who have a great deal of power to make policy
decisions |
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when people actively try to control how others perceive them by changing their behavior to correspond to an ideal of what the others will find most
appealing |
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| a group a person feels positively toward and to which the person belongs |
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| concept describing the fact that we are keenly aware of the subtle differences among members of our in-groups |
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| someone in charge of a group |
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| Charles Horton Cooley’s concept that argues that identity is formed through social interaction |
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| when an ascribed or achieved status is presumed so important that it overshadows all of the other statuses, dominating our lives and controlling our position in society |
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| a type of group that is both looser and denser than a formal group |
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| organization people join to pursue some interest or obtain some sort of satisfaction |
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| large secondary group designed to accomplish specific tasks in an efficient manner |
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| a group to which a person does not belong and does not feel positively toward |
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| : concept describing our tendency to view all members of our outgroups as the same |
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groups that come together for expressive reasons (to provide emotional
support, love, companionship, and security |
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| a group toward which we are so strongly committed, or which commands so much prestige, that we orient our actions around what we believe that group’s perceptions |
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| sets of behaviors that are expected of a person who occupies a certain status |
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| occurs when we try to play different roles with extremely different or contradictory rules at the same time |
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| the process of adjustment that takes place when we move out of a role that is central to our identity |
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| the particular emphasis or interpretation we give a role, our “style” |
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| occurs when the same role has demands and expectations that contradict each other, so we cannot possibly meet them all at once |
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| group that comes together for instrumental reasons (to meet a common goal) |
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| behaviors that are oriented toward other people |
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: a complex framework, or structure, composed of both patterned social
interactions and institutions that together both organize social life and provide the context
for individual action |
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an organized collection of individuals and institutions, bounded by space in a coherent
territory, subject to the same political authority, and organized through a shared set of
cultural expectations and values |
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| any social identity recognized as meaningful by the group or society, which carries with it certain expectations, rights, and responsibilities |
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| assumption about what people are like or how they will behave based on their membership in a group |
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| individuals or groups with less social power |
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| individuals or groups with social power |
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| a coercive organization that completely formally circumscribes a person’s everyday life |
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organizations to which people belong for a specific, instrumental
purpose, a tangible material reward |
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sociologists known for their work on the “social
construction of reality” |
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Definition
| Thomas Berger and Peter Luckmann |
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| sociologist who developed the concept of the “looking-glass self” |
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| developed the sociological tradition called ethnomethodology, in which the researcher tries to expose the common unstated assumptions that enable conversational shortcuts to work |
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sociologist who went beyond the concept of the looking-glass self to describe how our selves change through our engagement in what he called “impression
management” |
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| sociologist who argued that our self arises through taking on the role of others |
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| classical sociologist known for his theory about bureaucracy as an “iron cage” |
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