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State of matter in which materials have a definite shape and a definite volume
~Atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern and are close together |
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The State of matter in which a material has a definite volume but not a definite shape
~Atoms are close together but more randomly arranged |
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The State of Matter in which a material has neither a definite volume nor a definite change.
~Atoms are randomly arranged |
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| Ninety-nine percent of all the matter in the universe is plasma |
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| 5th State of Matter that exists at -273 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, groups of atoms behave as though they were a single particle |
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| The energy an object has due to its motion |
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| Theory says that all particles of matter are in constant motion |
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| At room temperature, the average speed of the particles in a sample of gas is about 1600 kilometers per hour |
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| Atoms inside gases constantly collide and transfer kinetic energy |
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| There are forces of attraction among the particles in all matter. |
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The constant motion of particles in a gas allows a gas to fill a container of any shape or size.
~Particles in a gas are in constant, random motion
~The motion of one particle is unaffected by the motion of other particles unless the particles collide
~Forces of attraction among particles in a gas can be ignored under ordinary circumstances |
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A Liquid takes the shape of its container because particles in a liquid can flow to new locations. The volume of a liquid is constant because forces of attraction keep the particles close together.
~*Attractions between the particles in a liquid do affect the movement of the particles. |
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| Solids have a definite volume and shape because particles in a solid vibrate around fixed locations. |
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The result of force distributed over an area. Collisions between particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause the pressure in a closed container of gas
~The smaller the area of impact is, the greater the pressure produced |
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| Temperature's Affect on Gas Pressure |
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| Raising the temperature of a gas will increase its pressure if the volumed of the gas and the number of particles are constant |
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| Volume's affect on Gas Pressure |
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| Reducing the volume of a gas increases its pressure if the temperature of the gas and the number of particles remain constant |
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| Number of Particles' Affect on Gas Pressure |
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| Increasing the number of particles will increase the pressure of a gas if the temperature and the volume are constant |
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The Volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in kelvins if the pressure and the number of particles of the gas are constant.
V1 over T1 = V2 over T2
***0 K is called absolute zero |
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P1V1 = P2V2
The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperture and number of particles are constant |
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| P1V1 over T1 = P2V2 over T2 |
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| A reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another. |
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| Temperature and Phase Changes |
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| The temperature of a substance does not change **during** a phase change. |
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| Energy is either absorbed or released during a phase change |
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| During an endothermic change, the system absorbs energy from its surroundings. |
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| During an exothermic change, the system releases energy to its surroundings. |
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| The arrangement of molecules in water become less orderly as water melts and more orderly as water freezes |
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| As heat flows from air to ice, molecules gain energy and move more quickly, moving from their fixed positions. |
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| As the average kinetic energy of molecules decrease, they slow down. At freezing point, molecules align orderly |
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The phase change in which a substance changes from a liquid into a gas.
**Evaporation takes place at the surface of a liquid and occurs at temperatures below the boiling point |
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The process that changes a substance from a liquid to a gas at temperatures below the substance's boiling point.
~The pressure caused by collisions of vapor and walls of a container is called vapor pressure. |
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| When vapor pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure, the water boils. |
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| The phase change in which a substance changes from a gas or vapor to a liquid. Condensation is exothermic. |
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| The Phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a gas or vapor without changing to a liquid first. Sublimation is Endothermic. |
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| When a gas or vapor changes directly into a solid without first changing to a liquid. Exothermic. |
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