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| Demonstrates how diversity arose through different evolutionary paths |
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| The evolutionary development and history of a species or higher taxonomic grouping of organisms |
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| Organisms that obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms |
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| Diploid (2n) cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes (fertilization) |
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| In vertebrates, a rapid series of successive cell divisions of a fertilized egg, resulting in a hollow sphere of cells - the blastula |
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| Solid ball of cells in the early stage of embryonic development |
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| In vertebrate development, the opening that connects the archenteron cavity of a gastrula stage embryo with the outside |
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| In vertebrates, the embryonic stage in which the blastula, with its single layer of cells, turns into a 3-layer embryo made up of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm |
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| A group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit |
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| The "simplest animals;" lack both clearly defined tissues and organs, though they have a sophisticated degree of cell specialization not found in protists; mostly comprising of sponges (phylum Porifera) |
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| Multicellular animals whose cells differentiate to form tissues; includes all animals except Protozoa |
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| A group of simple animals with radial symmetry |
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| A group of animals with bilateral symmetry |
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| A group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates; united by having, at some time in their life, a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle and a post-anal tail |
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| The evolution of a head and brain area in the anterior end of animals thought to be a consequence of bilateral symmetry |
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| A form of bilateria body plan; no body cavity because the space between the mesoderm and endoderm is filled with cells and organic materials; for example, flatworms |
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| A form of bilateria body type; a fluid-filled body cavity develops entirely in the mesoderm; body cavity is known as a coelom |
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| The phenomenon exhibited by a part which appears to be of the same color when viewed under one light source, but do not match in color when viewed under a different light |
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| A group of organisms whose members share homologous features derived from a common ancestor |
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| In phylogenetic classification, a group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group |
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| In phylogenetic classification, a froup that does include the most recent common ancestor of the group and all its descendants; a clade is a monophyletic group |
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| A germ layer located between the ecto- and endoderms; gives rise to muscle, bone, and other connective tissue, the peritoneum, the circulatory system, and most of the excretory and reproductive systems |
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| The outer germ layer; gives rise to the outer epithelium of the body (hair, nails, skin) and to nerve tissue, including the sense organs, brain, and spinal cord |
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| The innermost germ layer; destined to give rise to the epithelium that lines internal structures and most of the digestive and respiratory tracks |
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| The division of the developing animal body into repeated units; segmentation allows for redundant systems and more efficient locomotion |
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