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| Cells of most animals are organized into this |
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| Zygote undergoes this. A succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between the divisions. |
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| After cleavage. When many animals take the form of a hollow ball of cells. |
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| Follows blastula stage. Layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced. |
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| Sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct from the adult, usually eats different food, may have a different habitat than adult. |
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| A developmental transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile that resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature. |
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| Order of early embryonic development in animals |
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| Zygote -> Cleavage ->Eight-cell stage -> Cleavage -> Blastula -> Gastrulation -> Gastrula. |
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| Regulatory genes contain sets of DNA sequences called this. |
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| fossils that are members of an early group of soft-bodied multicellular eukaryotes known collectively as this. |
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| wave of animal diversification 535-525 million years ago during the paleozoic era. |
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| an enormous clade whose members have a two-sided or bilaterally symmetric form and a complete digestive tract, an efficient digestive system that has a mouth at one end and an anus at the other. Inlcudes molluscs, arthropods, chordate, and most other living animal phyla. Excludes sponges and cnidarians. |
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A particular set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into a functional whole- the living animal.
(also of interest in the study of evo-devo- interface between evolution and development.) |
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| the type of symmetry found in a flowerpot. Does not have a left and a right side. Any imaginary slice through the central axis divides the animal into mirror images. |
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| two-sided symmetry (like a shovel and lobster). Left and right sides. Only one imaginary cut divides the animal into mirror-image halves. |
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| germ layer covering the surface of the embryo, gives rise to the outer layer covering of the animal, and ins some phyla, to the central nervous center. |
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| the innermost germ layer, lines the pouch that forms during gastrulation (the archenteron) and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract (or cavity) and organs such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates. |
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| animals that have only two germ layers are this. includes cnidarians. |
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| all bilaterally symmetrical animals have this third germ layer. Fills much of the space between the ectoderm and endoderm. |
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fluid or air-filled space located between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. Also called coelom.
Functions:
-Cushions suspended organs, helping to prevent internal injury. ---Enables internal organs to grow and move independently of outer body wall. (Without it, each heart beat would warp body's surface.) |
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| fluid or air-filled space located between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. Called body cavity, but also called this. |
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| animals with true coelom are known as this. |
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| Animals with body cavity that is formed from mesoderm and endoderm. |
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| some triploblastic animals lack a body cavity. They are called this. |
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| group whose members share key biological features. such as coelomates and pseudocoelomates. |
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| Animals with this type of development undergo spiral cleavage and determinate cleavage. |
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| planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo |
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rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.
A cell isolated from a snail at the four-cell stage cannot develop into a whole animal and will form an inviable embryo that lacks many parts. |
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| Animals with this type of development undergo radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage. |
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cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo.
As seen at the 8-cell stage, tiers of cells are aligned directly above one another. |
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| each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. |
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| during gastrulation, an embryo's developing digestive tube initially forms as a blind pouch called this, which becomes the gut |
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| indentation that during gastrulation leads to the formation of the archenteron |
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| Diversification of animals points: |
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1. All animals share a common ancestor.
2. sponges are basal animals.
3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues.
4. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria.
5. There are 3 major clades of bilaterian animals: A) Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa. With one exception, phyla in these clades consist entirely of invertebrates. Chordata is only phylum with vertebrates. (defined p. 676 and 677) |
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