Term
Page 726
Nationalist Socialist (Nazi) Party |
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Definition
Picked up political support during economic chaos of Great Depression; advocated authoritarian state under single leader; aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of Versailles treaty; took power in Germany in 1933.
Significance: -gained seats in parliament and won major elections
-advocated authoritarianism and instituted aggressive foreign policy
Analyze: -aftermath of WWI and Great Depression made majority of German population desperate for new leader
-Hitler promised economic growth, reversal of communist power, and restoration of political stability |
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Term
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Definition
German term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of airplanes, tanks, and mechanized troop carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in WWII.
Significance: -major development in 20th century warfare
-able to kill tens of thousands of people in one attack
Analyze: -rearmament and militarization of German army; forced union with Austria; seizure of territory in Czechoslovakia |
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Term
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Definition
French collaborationist gov't established in 1940 in southern France following defeat of French armies by Germans.
Significance: -collaborationist government only acted as a puppet for Nazi leaders
Analyze: -devastating defeat by Germans led France to surrender much of their power; French had inferior weaponry and had become demoralized |
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Term
page 732
Battle of Britain |
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Definition
1940 Nazi air offensive including saturation bombing of London and other British cities; countered by British innovative air tactics and radar tracking of German assault aircraft.
Significance: -prevented complete Nazi takeover of British Isles and demonstrated resilience of British people
Analyze: -rash but effective aerial tactics, strong leadership from Churchill, radar tracking, very able coalition cabinet |
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Term
page 734
Battle of the Bulge |
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Definition
Hitler's last ditch effort to repel the invading Allied armies in winter of 1944-45
Significance: -battle in which Allied and Red armies invaded Germany from west and east, respectively
-marked end of 12-year Reich (German state) after Hitler's suicide and surrender of German military
Analyze: -German forces occupied in Italy and on Eastern front
-Allies launched liberation campaigns in Low Countries and France |
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Term
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Definition
American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on facility on December 7, 1941 crippled American fleet in Pacific and caused entry of US into WWII.
Significance: -brought US into war
Analyze: -national uproar over attacks led FDR to sign declaration of war against Japan |
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Term
page 736
Battle of the Coral Sea |
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Definition
WWII Pacific battle; US and Japanese forces fought to a standoff.
Significance: -first major check to advance of Japanese
-protected New Guinea and large section of Australian coastline from invasion
Analyze: -US ultimately had fewer casualties and tactical losses |
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Term
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Definition
WWII Pacific battle; decisive US victory over powerful Japanese carrier force
Significance: -key battle in which US navy defeated Japanese carrier force
-allowed US to move towards assaults on Japanese homeland
Analyze: -the Allied forces had gained the upper hand on both land and sea; Japanese mainland was next target |
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Term
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Definition
International org. formed in aftermath of WWII; included all victorious Allies; its primary mission was to provide a forum for negotiating disputes.
Significance: -more representative of individual nations than League of Nations
-took over for more specialized international agencies (e.g. human rights, labor, feminist orgs)
Analyze: -the majority of the world was sick of war, hence the formation of an organization designed to eliminate conflict as a means of problem-solving |
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Term
page 738
Tehran Conference |
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Definition
Meeting among leaders of US, Britain, and USSR in 1943; agreed to opening of a new front in France.
Significance: -led to agreement to invade Nazi-ocupied France
-Britain and USSR compromised with one another over division of small eastern European nations
Analyze: -focusing on France allowed Soviets to push back Nazi armies in eastern Europe
-Britain wanted Western preponderance in Greece, equality in Hungary and Yugoslavia; Soviets got control of Romania and Bulgaria |
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Term
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Definition
Meeting among leaders of US, Britain, and USSR in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of UN; disputed division of political organization in eastern European states to be reestablished after the war.
Significance: -Soviets promised territory in Manchuria and northern Japan
-divided Germany into 4 liberation zones
Analyze: -US needed assistance from USSR against Japan and help in completely forming the UN
-German division occurred in hopes of demilitarizing and denazifying nation |
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Term
page 739
Potsdam Conference |
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Definition
Meeting among leaders of US, Britain, and USSR just before end of WWII in 1945; allies agreed upon Soviet domination in eastern Europe; Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious Allies.
Significance: -gave USSR dominance in many eastern European nations; territory expanded westward
-Germany and Austria divided
Analyze: -Russian forces occupied much of eastern Europe and Germany
-treaties worked out for Austria and Germany, the latter obtaining one more than 40 years later |
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Term
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Definition
Warfare of 20th cent.; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact on industrialization on military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity.
Significance: -affected almost every person in some way
Analyze: -war required vast amounts of resources and military technology |
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Term
page 740
Atlantic Charter of 1941 |
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Definition
WWII alliance agreement between US and Britain; included clause that recognized the right of all people to choose form of gov't under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization.
Significance: -demonstrated growing desire for decolonization
-instituted lower trade barriers, more global cooperation, and disarmament of aggressor nations
Analyze: -aftermath of both World Wars created need for better communication and less diplomatic tension |
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Term
page 740
Quit India Movement |
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Definition
Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in summer of 1942 to end British control of India.
Significance: -major instance of social upheaval in response to British rule over India; caused fierce repression and arrests by British
Analyze: -anger over centuries of oppressive rule, wartime shortages, intransigence of British rulers in regard to Indian nationalism |
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Term
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Definition
Founded 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement.
Significance: -demanded separate Muslim state
-supported British during WWII and Quit India movement
Analyze: -desired representation, which they felt they were not receiving in Hindu-dominated India
-poor relationship with Indians made Britain a more preferable nation to support |
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Term
page 741
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
(1876-1948) |
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Definition
Muslim nationalist leader in India; originally member of National Congress party; became leader of Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during WWII for promises of separate Muslim state after war; first president of Pakistan.
Significance: -played role in tensions between British, Muslims, and Indians
-gained British and Muslim support during WWII
Analyze: -played off anxiety of masses by claiming majority Hindu population would oppress Muslim minority
-British support necessary in order to establish Muslim state |
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Term
page 744
Jomo Kenyatta
(1946-1978) |
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Definition
Leader of nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya; organized KAU; failed to win concessions b/c of resistance of white settlers; came to power only after suppression of Land Freedom Army (Mau Mau).
Significance: -stressed nonviolent approach to independence; method unfortunately failed for long period of time
Analyze: -white settler minority possessed astounding amount of power; even British and French officials feared angering them
-nonviolent protest tactics outlawed |
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Term
page 744
Kenya African Union (KAU) |
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Definition
Leading nationalist party in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in 1950s
Significance: -desired independence from British control
-attempted to achieve goal through nonviolent protests and tactics
-Kenyatta and other members imprisoned in order to eliminate opposition to British rule
Analyze: -Britain's direct involvement in the WWs had caused patterns of corruption and misrule in Kenya |
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Term
page 744
Land Freedom Army |
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Definition
Radical org. for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as Mau Mau.
Significance: -mounted campaign of terror and guerrilla warfare against British, the settlers, and Africans suspected of collaboration
Analyze: -frustrated with inefficaciousness of nonviolent protest; desired independence from British rule |
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