Term
| What do green plants include? |
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Definition
| Green plants include both green algae and land plants |
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Term
| Why do biologist study plants? |
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Definition
- plants provide ecosystem services
- plants provide humans with food, fuel, building materials, and medicines |
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Term
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Definition
| And ecosystem consists of all the organisms in a particular area, along with physical components of the environment. |
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Term
| How do plants provide ecosystem services? |
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Definition
| Plants provide ecosystem services because they add to the quality of the atmosphere, surface water, solid and other physical components of the ecosystem |
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Term
| How do plants alter the landscape in ways that benefit other organisms? |
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Definition
- they produce oxygen
- build soil by providing food for decomposers
- prevent erosion
- moderate the local climate |
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Term
| How do plants moderate the local climate? |
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Definition
- providing shade
- reducing the impact of wins that may dry out landscapes or make them colder |
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Term
| What is the significance of plants in the food chain? |
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Definition
- they are the dominant primary producers interest really ecosystems
- provide the base of the food chain in most terrestrial habitats |
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Term
| How did the first agricultural research begin? |
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Definition
| Agricultural research began with the initial domestication of crop plants |
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Term
| What are three ways biologists study green plants? |
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Definition
1) analyzing morphological traits
2) using the fossil record
3) evaluating molecular phylogenies |
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Term
| How do biologists use the evaluation of molecular phylogenies to study plants? |
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Definition
| They assess similarities and differences in DNA sequences from homologous genes to estimate phylogenetic trees |
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Term
| Why have green algae long been hypothesized to be closely related to plants? |
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Definition
- presence of chlorophyl a and b and B carotene
- presence of thykaloids
- similar cell wall composition
- starch as storage product in chloroplasts
- peroxisisomes have similar structure |
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Term
| What three categories are the most important phyla of plants grouped into? |
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Definition
1) nonvascular plants
2) seedless vascular plants
3) seed plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular tissues are specialized groups of cells that conduct water or dissolved nutrients from one part of the plant body to another |
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Term
| What does a seed consist of? |
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Definition
| A seed consists of an embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer |
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Term
| What are the two main groups of seed plants? |
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Definition
| Gymnosperms and angiosperms |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of seed plant that produces seeds that do not develop in an enclosed structure |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of seed plants that produces it seems that develop inside a protective structure called a carpel |
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Term
| When did the fossil record for green algae begin? |
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Definition
| 700 to 725 million years ago |
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Term
| When did the fossil record for land plants begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: green plants are a paraphyletic group? |
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Definition
| False: green plants on monophyletic |
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Term
| True or False: the green algae group is paraphyletic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are land plants monophyletic or paraphyletic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most basal group on the land plants? |
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Definition
| Nonvascular plants are the most basal group among the implants |
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Term
| True or False: seeds and flowers only involved once |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the morphological simplicity of the whisk ferns derived or basal? |
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Definition
| Morphological simplicity of the whisk ferns is probably a derived trait, meaning that complex structures have been lost in this lineage |
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Term
| Which green algal group is the closest living relative to land plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the two main adaptations when plants transitioned to land? |
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Definition
1) prevention of water loss from cells
2) transportation of water, from tissues with access to water, to tissues without access |
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Term
| What two structures were developed for the prevention of water loss as plants transitions to land? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cuticle in plants? |
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Definition
| The cuticle is a waxy, watertight sealant that gives plants the ability to survive in dry environments |
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Term
| What is the function of the stomata? |
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Definition
| The stomata allows gas exchange |
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Term
| What were the two functions of the evolution of vascular tissue? |
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Definition
1) allowed early plants to support erect stems
2) transport water from routes to aboveground tissues |
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Term
| What three innovations were instrumental for a efficient plant reproduction in a dry environment? |
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Definition
1) development of spores that resist drying
2) gametes produced in complex, multicellular structures
3) embryos are retained on the parent plant and nourished by it |
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Term
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Definition
| A gametangia is a specialized reproductive organ, found in gametophytes, that protects gametes from drying and mechanical damage |
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Term
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Definition
| An antheridium is a sperm producing structure in gametophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| And archegonium is an egg producing structure in gametophytes |
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Term
| Do all land plants undergo alternation of generations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more common in basal land plants: gametophyte dominated lifecycles or sporophyte dominated lifecycles? |
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Definition
| Basal land plants tend to be gametophyte dominated |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterospory is the production of two distinct types of spore producing structures and thus two distinct types of sports |
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Term
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Definition
| Homospory is the production of a single type of sport that develops into bisexual gametophytes that produce both eggs and sperm |
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Term
| What are the two types of spore producing structures in heterosporous species? |
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Definition
| Microsporangia and macrosporangia |
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Term
| What do microspores produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do megaspores produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: most land plants are heterosporous |
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Definition
| False: all land plants are heterosporous |
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Term
| What was an advantage of the development of pollen? |
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Definition
| When pollen evolved, heterosporous plants lost their dependence on water for fertilization |
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Term
| How are seeds often dispersed? |
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Definition
| By wind, water or animals |
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Term
| What type of land plants are the most diverse? |
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Definition
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Term
| About how many species of angiosperms have been described to date? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two key reproductive structures and flowers? |
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Definition
| The stamens and the carpels |
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Term
| What does the stamen contain? |
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Definition
| The stamen contains the anther, where microsporangia develop |
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Term
| Where are the ovules found? |
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Definition
| Ovules are found within the ovary which is contained inside the carpal |
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Term
| Why do flowers vary in size, structure, sent, and color? |
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Definition
| To attract different pollinators |
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Term
| What are the stamens and carpals enclosed by? |
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Definition
| Modified leaves called sepals and petals |
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Term
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Definition
| If fruit is a structure that is derived from the ovary and encloses one or more seed |
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Term
| What are the three key adaptations in the diversification of angiosperms? |
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Definition
1) vessels ????????
2) flowers
3) fruits |
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