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Definition
| knowledge or mortality is thought to progress through two systems of defense |
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Term
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| occur when thoughts of death are conscious and include rational strategies that minimize threat and facilitate removal of death-related thought from focal attention |
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| occur when death-related thoughts are not conscious but outside conscious awareness whereby symbolic system is engaged and activates beliefs that serve the self-protective goal of imbuing the world with a sense of meaning and value |
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Four Ways Death-Related Thought Can Be Provoked and Heightened Death Thought Accessibility Can Occur as a Result |
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Definition
- MS questionnaire
- subliminal exposure to word death
- breaking down anxiety buffers
- introducing associations that involve evolutionary significant threats to survival or stimuli with extensive negative connotations
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Term
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| two open-ended questions in response which people write about the thoughts associated with their own death which immediately lead to proximal defense but lead to distal defense after delay |
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Subliminal Exposure to Death Primes |
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Definition
| These might include flashes of the word death for brief 29 milliseconds in between unrelated tasks or interviewing pedestrians when in close proximity to a funeral parlor and can lead to greater assessability of distal/symbolic defenses that conscious death reminders such as MS |
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Breaking Down Anxiety Buffers |
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Definition
| when anxiety buffers are broke down such as having people think about problems in close relationships or having people think about the animal nature of sex (which causes us to view ourselves more like animals and therefore closer to death), increases the accessibility of death thoughts |
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Introducing Associations that Involve Evolutionary Significant Threats to Survival or Stimuli with Extensive Negative Connotation |
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Definition
| "law of contagion" implies there are hot buttons that bring death thoughts to mind such as 911 or making participants look in a mirror which immediately activates thoughts of the self and makes us more aware of the fact that death is inevitable |
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Way TMT measures the accessibility of Death Thoughts |
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Definition
| Word-task involving list of word fragments that could be filled in with words unrelated to death or words related to death such as CO____ OR SK__L (COFFIN/COFFEE, SKULL/SKILL) |
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Term
Three Examples of Proximal/Direct Defenses |
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Definition
- avoiding self-focused attention
- suppressing death thoughts
- engaging in cognitive and motivational biases to reduce vulnerability
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Proximal Defense Study Example - Supression of Death-Related Thoughts - Independent and Dependent Variables |
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Definition
- IV - manipulation of cognitive load depriving subjects of mental resources (rehearse 11-digit number)/neutral
- DV - word completion task
Note: All participants primed with MS |
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Term
Proximal Defense Study Example - Supression of Death-Related Thoughts - Results |
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Definition
- those that had to memorize cognitive load were less effective in suppression efforts and had produced immediate increase in accessibility of death-related thought after MS
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Term
Proximal Defense Study Example - Engaging in Cognitive and Motivational Biases to Reduce Vulnerability - Independent and Dependent Variables |
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Definition
IV - ms/control
IV - no delay/delay
DV - sun-tan/protection lotion preference |
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Term
Proximal Defense Study Example - Engaging in Cognitive and Motivational Biases to Reduce Vulnerability - Results |
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Definition
- participants said they would purchase products with higher sun-protection factors immediately after MS but were less likely to purchase products geared to sun-protection after delay suggesting MS influence not rational concern with health after delay but concern over appearance (self-esteem)
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