Term
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Definition
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Term
In Ionic Bonds, atoms are_________. |
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Definition
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| In Covalent Bond, atoms are _________. |
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Definition
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| Ionic Bond builds between what kind of elements? |
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Definition
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| Covalent Bond builds between what kinds of elements? |
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Definition
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| In Ionic bond, electrons are _______. |
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Definition
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| In Covalent Bond, electrons are ______. |
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Definition
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| Covalent bonds are usually bonds between ______ things. |
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Definition
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| Covalent bonds are _____ and ______. |
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Definition
| weak easily broken down (food) |
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| Hydrogen is a type of ______ bond. |
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Definition
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In Hydrogen bonds, electrons are ______ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the electrons in terms of attraction when two or more elements undergo hydrogen bonding? What is the explanation of such occurance? Ex... |
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Definition
They are pulled closer to one of the elements... (so that element is slightly more electronegative than the other.) Ex: in H2O, electrons are pulled closer to Oxygen, so region close to O is slightly negative and region close to H is slightly positive. |
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Definition
| Concept in chemistry descriving how equally atoms are electrons are shared between atoms |
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| What is electronegativity? What's the most electronegative element? |
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Definition
The ability of an element to attract electrons. Flourine is the most electronegative element, meaning it will bond the first and fastest because it has 7 valence electrons. |
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Term
| What is an organic compound? What is the only exception? |
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Definition
Compound that contains carbon/oxides of Carbon(CO2, CO) |
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What are five categories of organic compounds? |
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Definition
| Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated hydrocarbons, Chloroflourocarbons, Simple Crbohydrates, & Polymers. |
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| What do hydrocarbons consist of? What are the common hydrocarbons? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen and carbon/ Methane and Propane |
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| Hydrocarbons occur naturally in ______ & ______. Hydrocarbons are used in industry to make ______ & ______ and produce ______. |
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Definition
| petroleum & natural gas/ rubber and plastics/gasoline |
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| Chlorinated Hydrocarbons or CFC's consist of _____, ______, &______. |
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Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen, Chlorine |
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| What is DDT?Which group of organic compounds does it belong to? |
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Definition
| Banned insecticide/Chlorinated Hydrocarbon |
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| What is PCB, what does it stand for, what are its drawbacks, and which group of organic compounds foes it belong to? |
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Definition
Non-flammable, insulating material used in electric transformers that conducts heat well/Polychlorinated Biphenyls/cause retardation in pregnancy period, weaken immune system, are carcinogenic(cause cancer), are persistant(don't break down fast i nthe environment), bioaccumulate in fatty tissues of organisms, biomagnify through the food chain/ Chlorinated hydrocarbons |
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What is Freon? What catefory of organic compounds does it belong to? What are its drawbacks? |
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Definition
| Coolant in refrigiration and AC, gas in spray cans, that was banned in USA/ Chloroflourocarbons/ it destroys the ozone by starting a chain reaction, thinning the ozone layer |
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Definition
| material used to transfer electricity from one circuit to another |
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Definition
| material that keeps an engine or other mechanical device from overheating |
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| There's always a double of _ for every _ |
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Definition
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| Give 2 examples of simple carbohydrates, and the chemical ratio for simple carbohydrates |
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Definition
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| What is carbontetrachloride? What is it's drawback? |
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Definition
| drycleaning substance/indoor air pollutant |
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| Are simple carbohydrates polymers or monomers?Why? |
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Definition
| monomers, because simple carbohydrates are single basic units or small molecules |
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| What are polymers? What are the four types? |
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Definition
| Monomers connected by chemical bonds/Complex carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids,and lipids |
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| How are complex carbohydrates created? |
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Definition
By the chemical bonding of simple sugars to form starches(complex carbohydrates) |
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| How are proteins structured? |
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Definition
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| What are two main types of nucleic acids and how are nucleic acids built? |
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Definition
| DNA & RNA/linking nucleotides(phosphate, sugar, and base- GT,AC) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, the code for proteins(75,000 in human cell) |
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Definition
| Combinations of genes that make up the DNA molecule(23 pairs in humans) |
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| What is humans' secondary source of food? What organic compound category is it part of and what are the four examples? |
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Definition
| Lipids/Polymers/Steroids, oils, waxes, fats |
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Term
| What is a drawback of lipids? |
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Definition
| They bioaccumulate in our fat cells |
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Term
| What is an inorganic compound? |
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Definition
| A compund that doesn't contain Carbon, including the exception of carbon oxydes(CO, CO2) |
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Term
What's the difference in the way they bond chemically to form between organic and inorganic compounds? |
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Definition
| Inrganic compounds involve covalent and ionic types of bonding while organic compounds only deal with covalent bonds. |
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Term
| What is matter quality? Describe high and low qualities of matter. |
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Definition
| Measure of usefullness of certain matter based on concentration and availability/ High quality of matter means that matter is organized, concentrated, near surface, economical and profitable to extract. Low quality means that matter is disorganized, dilute, deep in earth or atmosphere, and costly to extract. |
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| Entropy/examples of high and low |
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Definition
| Measure of randomness and disorder of matter/high entropy: aluminum ore, dilute salt, atmosphere/low entropy: aluminum can, solid salt |
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Definition
| Positive or negative charged particle |
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Definition
A molecule consisting of two of the same atoms (O2) |
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Definition
| Energy that matter has because of its mass and speed due to motion/falling rocks, electricity |
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| Metals tend to form _______ ions. |
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Definition
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| Non-metals tend to form ________ ions. |
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Definition
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| What are the capacities of orbitals in order? |
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Definition
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| All atoms seek 8 electrons in outer shell, if an atom has 8 valence electrons, it's stable. |
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| What's the most famous ionic compound? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the negative subscript of ion reveal?What does it the positive subsript reveal? |
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Definition
| That the ion has gained the subscript's number of electrons and there are more electrons than the protons by the amount indicated by the subscript./ The ion has lost as many electrons as the subscript suggests and that protons outnumber electrons by the sunscript's number. |
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| What is a polyatomic ion? |
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Definition
An ion formed by many atoms of two or more different elements. Poly- many |
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Term
| List electromagnetic radiation in order from left to right/ How does the scale represent the shape and eenrgy of the waves |
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Definition
| cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation,microwaves, TV waves, radio waves/from left to right waves become longer in wavelength and have lesser energy |
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| Carbon can bind itself to form ________&________. |
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Definition
| linear chains and ring systems. |
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Term
| Electromagnetic radiation |
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Definition
| a form of energy consisting of a broad spectrum of electromagnetic waves |
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| Name two forms of energy. Most energy is lost as ________ to the environment. |
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Definition
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| What types of waves are categorized as ionizing radiation? How are they harmful? |
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Definition
| Cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, UV light/they carry high energy and can knock loose an electron, as well as cause the functioning system in the body to stop working, it's potentially harmful to life(cancer, sunburn) |
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Term
| What forms of electromagnetic waves belong to the group of non-ionizing radioation? |
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Definition
| visible light, infrared light, microvawes, TV waves, radio waves |
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Term
| What does the term ionizing mean |
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Definition
| capable of causing the formation of an ion |
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Term
| Why are cosmic rays andgamma rays more dangerous than UV waves |
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Definition
| Becaue these types of electromagnetic radiation are most penetrating |
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Term
| What are Alpha and Beta particles? Are they considered ionizing or non-ionizing? |
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Definition
| Alpha particles: fast moving, positively charged matter, consisting of two protons and two neutrons. Beta particles are high speed electrons./Ionizing radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Total amount of kinetic energy of atoms, ions, etc. in a substance |
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Definition
| Average speed of atoms, ions, etc. in a given amount |
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| Potential energy/Examples |
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Definition
| Stored energy due to position that can be turned into kinetic energy/rock in hand, rock at the top of a cliff, unlit dynamite |
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| Energy quality/Give the characteristics and examples of high and low energy qualities |
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Definition
| energy's ability to do work/high quality: concentrated,organized, high ability to do work(concentrated solar energy, electricity) Low energy quality: dispersed, disorganized, little ability to do useful work (geothermal energy-energy generated underground from steam or hot liquids) |
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| 2 main physical change characteristics |
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Definition
| the chemical composition isn't changed and the material can return to its original state |
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Term
| 2 main chemical change characteristics |
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Definition
| Chemical composition of matter undergoing chemical change is changed or new material is the result, matter cannot return to it's original state |
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Term
| Law of conservation of matter(3 parts) |
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Definition
| Matter(atoms) is neither created nor destroyed throughout chemical and physical changes,but atoms are rearranged, Earth is a closed system of matter-very small changes occur, no away in throw away(waste buried or burned turns to air pollution) |
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Term
Chemical reaction:
5g of substance A + 5g of substance B =___g of matter |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| two or more of atmos of the same element that have different number of neutrons |
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Term
| What are three types of nuclear changes? |
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Definition
| Natural radioactive decay,Nuclear Fission, and Nuclear Fusion |
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Term
| What are three types of nuclear changes? |
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Definition
| Natural radioactive decay,Nuclear Fission, and Nuclear Fusion |
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Term
| What are three types of nuclear changes? And what do they all involve? |
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Definition
| Natural radioactive decay,Nuclear Fission, and Nuclear Fusion/isotopes |
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Term
| How does natural radioactive decay occur? Name the most common radioactive change. |
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Definition
| Unstable isotopes natuarlly emit fast moving particles(alpha and beta), high energy radiation(ionizing radiation), or both./U235 -> Pb206 |
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Term
What is a half-cycle?
What's the common rule of a naturallt radioactive material and its half-cycles? |
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Definition
| The time it takes for half of the radioactive material to decay./It takes 10 half-cycles to make the radioactive substance safe. |
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| Half-life is useful in _______________ ______________________________________ |
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Definition
| dating rocks and bones,detecting pollutiuon, identifying and treating diseases |
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| How does nuclear fission occur? give examples |
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Definition
| Nuclei pf sertain isotopes are split, so the neutrons and energy are released/Nuclear power plants, atomic bomb |
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| How does Nuclear Fusion happen?Example |
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Definition
| 2 isotopes of light elements are forced together at extremely high temperatures./ Conversion of hydrogen to helium, which is the source of energy in all stars. |
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Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but only changed from one form to another(energy input=energy output) |
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Term
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Definition
| internal energies of systems |
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| Nuclear_______ is much more difficult ro start than Nuclear _______, but much more energy is released. |
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Definition
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Term
| Second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Every time there's there's an energy conversion, energy is lost as low quality heat waste to the environment, so the amount of energy after a chemical change is less than the amount of energy before change. |
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Term
| High quality energy is never recycled or reused because |
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Definition
| it has become a lower quality energy(usually low quality heat) |
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Term
| Energy always goes from a ________form to a _______form |
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Definition
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| Earth is a(n) ______ system for energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the term high throughput mean? Descrobe high throughput societies? |
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Definition
| high waste/developed nations(industrial nations:USA, Japan, Germany, Britain)Sustain increasing economic growt by hincreasing the use of matter and energy resources. High throughput societies. |
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| Are high throughput societies sustainable? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| No, because as human population will increase and the use of matter and enrgy resources will accordingly increase, the environment will finally reach its capacity for degrading waste ,aterial and absorbing waste heat |
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| Describe matter-recycling societies? |
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Definition
| slow down unsustainability through recycling, for example. These societies still require a source of high-quality energy and still produce waste heat |
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| positive feedback loop/examples |
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Definition
| BAD!!!a system that proceeds in one direction because of something that causes it to continue in same direction;it will ultimately crash/More people, more resources, more products, more people more resources more products |
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| Negative feedback loop/example |
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Definition
| GOOD!!!A change that leads to the lessening of the effects./recycling aluminum can lessens the need to mine, separate the aluminum ore from other material, converting the metal into can. |
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| synergistic interactions/examples |
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Definition
| two or more processes interacting so the combined effect is greater./If you are exposed to pesticide A, it will make you sick, pesticide B, it will make you sick, combination of AB, it might be deadly. |
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Term
| What does a pH scale measure? |
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Definition
| the amount of hydrogen ions or hydroneum ions or acidic protons(H3O+, H+) in a solution |
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Term
| Acidic soulutions have more _______ ions than ________, while Basic or _______ solutions have more______ions than________ions when measured. |
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Definition
| hydrogen,hydroxide,alkaline,hydroxidem hydrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of hydrogen ions |
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| Which way do the strengths of acids and bases on pH scale increase? |
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Definition
| Opposite ways from number 7 |
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Term
| what's the interval between each measure on the pH scale? |
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Definition
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Term
| what's the formula for calculatin gthe concentration of hydronium ions in a solution? |
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Definition
1.0×10-measure on pH scale Example: solution with the pH measure of 7 would have hydroneum ion concentration of 1.0×10-7 |
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Term
| what's the acid range? base range? |
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Definition
| 0-6.999.../7.000(repeating)1 |
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Term
| what determines the harmfullness of pollutants? |
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Definition
| concentreation(ppm,ppb),persistence, degradability |
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