Term
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Definition
| Essential for body growth and tissue repair |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Division of the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleavage furrow formed in late anaphase by contractile ring. Cytoplasm is pinched into 2 parts after mitosis ends |
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Term
| Early and Late Prophase: What happens? |
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Definition
| Asters are seen as chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Nucleoli disappear. Centriole pairs separate and the mitotic spindle is formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center, or equator, of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arrangement of chromosomes along a plane midway between the poles |
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Term
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Definition
| Centromeres of the chromosomes split. Motor proteins in kinetochores pull chromosomes toward poles |
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Term
| Telophase and cytokinesis: What happens? |
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Definition
| New sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin. New nuclear membrane is formed from the rough ER. Nucleoli reappear. Generally cytokinesis completes cell division |
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Term
| Controls of cell division |
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Definition
Surface-to-volume ratio of cells
Chemical signals such as growth factors and hormones. Contact inhibition. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) complexes. Disruption of histones and phosphorylation of other proteins |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis: Basics |
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Definition
| DNA serves as master blueprint for protein synthesis. Genes are segments of DNA carrying instructions for a polypeptide chian. Triplets of nucelotide bases form the genetic library. Each triplet specifies coding for an amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries the genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in they cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| bound to amino acids base pair with the codons of mRNA at the ribosome to begin the process of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| a structural component of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of information from the sense strand of DNA to RNA |
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Term
| Role of transcription factor |
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Definition
| Loosens histones from DNA in the area to be transcribed. Binds to promoter, a DNA sequence specifying the start site of RNA synthesis. Mediates the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that oversees the synthesis of RNA. Unwinds the DNA template. Adds complementary ribonucleotide triphosphates on the DNA template. Joins these RNA nucleotides together. Encodes a terminate signal to stop transcription |
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Term
| Initiation of Translation |
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Definition
| Leader sequence of mRNA attaches to the small subunit of the ribosome. Methionine-charged initiator tRNA binds to the small subunit. Large ribosomal unit now binds to this complex forming a functional ribosome. |
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Term
| Protein synthesis: Step 1 |
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Definition
| mRNA-ribosome complex is directed to the RER by the SRP (signal-recognition particle) binds to a receptor site |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis: Step 2 |
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Definition
| Once attached to the RER the SRP (signal-recognition particle) is released and the growing polypeptide snakes through the ER membrane pore into the cisterna |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis: Step 3 |
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Definition
| Signal sequence is clipped off by an enzyme. As protein synthesis continues sugar groups may be added to the protein |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis: Step 4 |
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Definition
| Completed protein is released from the ribosome and folds into its 3-D conformation, a process aided by molecular chaperones |
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Term
| Protein Synthesis: Step 5 |
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Definition
| This protein is enclosed with a protein-coated transport vesicle. The transport vesicles make their way to the Golgi apparatus where further processing of the protein occurs |
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Term
| Information Transfer from DNA to RNA |
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Definition
| DNA triplets are transcribed into mRNA codons by RNA polymerase. Codons base pair with tRNA anticodons at the ribosome. Amino acids are peptide bonded at the ribosomes to form polypeptide chains. Start and stop codons are used in initiating and ending translation |
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