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| distictive building blocks of matter that make up every material substance |
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| the smallest unit of matter that exhibits the characteristics of an element |
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| an electrically charged atom or combination of atoms |
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| various forms of an element having the same atomic number but a different mass number |
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| combinations of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds |
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| positively charged subatomic particle |
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| uncharged subatomic particle |
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| negatively charged subatomic particle |
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| equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of each of its atoms |
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| a type of ionizing radiation: have enough energy to knock electrons from ataoms and change them to positively charged ions |
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ionizing particles emitted from the nuclei of radioactive isotopes high-speed electrons |
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ionizing particles emitted from the nuclei of radioactive isotopes high-speed positively charged matter consisting of two protons and two neutrons |
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| nuclear change in which two isotopes of light elements (hydrogen) forced together at high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus |
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| nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers (uranium-125) are split into lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons |
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| radiation that has enough energy to knock electrons from atoms and change them to positively charged ions |
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| first law of energy/thermodynamics |
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In all physical and chemical changes, energy in neither created nor destroyed, but it may be converted from one form to another |
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capacity to do work and transfer heat -kinetic -potential -electromagnetic |
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| most abundant gases in troposphere |
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most abundant elements in earth's crust |
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oxygen silicon aluminum iron calcium |
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| residues of banned/unapproved chemicals that the US export to other countries can return on imported food or carried by winds |
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output of matter, energy or info is fed back into the system as an input and leads to changes in that system positive: causes a system to change further in the same direction (depositing money w/ interest) negative/corrective: causes a system to change in the opposite direction (recylcing; body temperature) |
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measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is formally a measure of the activity of dissolved H+ "neutral": the concentration of H+ equals the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-); pH of 7.0 acids: concentration of H+ exceeds that of OH-; pH lower than 7.0 bases: OH- exceeds H+; pH value greater than 7.0 |
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two or more processes interact so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects |
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| Organic compounds and examples |
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-hydrocarbons: carbon + hydrogen (methane) -chlorinated hydrocarbons: carbon, hydrogen + chlorine (DDT: C14H9Cl5) -simple carbs(sugars): certain types of carbon, hydrogen, + oxygen (glucose:C6H12O6) |
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