Term
|
Definition
Prokaryote (one cell)
Eukaryote (many cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Somatic (body) cells
Gamete (reproductive) cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contained within the nucleus of a cell
Makes up chromosomes
Complete set called genome |
|
|
Term
| Describe Mitochondrial DNA |
|
Definition
Contained in organelles in cell’s cytoplasm.
Inherited from the mother |
|
|
Term
| DNA: The blueprint of life...uh YEAH! |
|
Definition
Chemical template for every aspect of organisms
Double helix, ladderlike structure
Ladder forms nucleotide
Ladder base made up of 4 types
-Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
-Complementary pairs (A&T, C&G) |
|
|
Term
| One function of the DNA molecule is replication...describe |
|
Definition
-Part of cell division—meiosis or mitosis
-DNA makes identical copies of itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occur in homologous (matching) pairs
-One in each pair from each parent
Autosomes (non-sex chromosomes)
Sex chromosomes
-X, Y
-Females carry only X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.
-The father determines the sex of the offspring. |
|
|
Term
| Mitosis: Production of Identical Somatic Cells |
|
Definition
-DNA replication followed by one cell division
-Diploid cell (contains full set of chromosomes) |
|
|
Term
| Meiosis: Production of Gametes (Sex Cells) |
|
Definition
One DNA replication followed by two cell divisions
Gametes are haploid (half the number of chromosomes).
Does not result in identical cell copies
Errors can occur during meiosis.
-Nondisjunction, translocation |
|
|
Term
| Producing Proteins: The Other Function of DNA |
|
Definition
Proteins are chemicals that make up tissues.
Also regulate functions, repair, and growth of tissues |
|
|
Term
| Proteins are made up of what? |
|
Definition
Amino acids.
20 different types |
|
|
Term
| Structural proteins are responsible for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulatory proteins are responsible for what? |
|
Definition
| for functions: enzymes, hormones, antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Protein synthesis involves two steps |
|
Definition
Transcription (unzipping, template for RNA)
Translation (template attaches to ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| Producing Proteins: The Other Function of DNA..explain coding/noncoding |
|
Definition
-DNA in protein synthesis is coding DNA.
-Most of human DNA is noncoding. |
|
|
Term
| Genes: Structural are responsible for what? and Regulatory are responsible for what? |
|
Definition
Structural genes are responsible for body structures.
Regulatory genes turn other genes on and off.
-Homeotic (Hox) genes
-Master genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1831, 22 year old was appointed to go on a 5-year voyage on a ship HMS Beagle, collected plants, insects, birds, shells, and fossils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring |
|
|
Term
| what the hell is natural selection? |
|
Definition
| process that some organism with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, tend to survive and reproduce thereby increasing the frequency of those features. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific area of the natural environment in which an organism lives |
|
|
Term
| what is adaptive radiation? |
|
Definition
| the diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into new forms that are adapted to specific environmental niches. out of one species branch closely related multiple species. |
|
|
Term
| Theory of Evolution in relation to those fucking Finches. |
|
Definition
| the birds live in the galapagos (coast of Equador), but differed from island to island...had different beak shape. Each beak shape was related to their diet and the food that was abundant on the island which means, the finches adapted to their ENVIRONMENT. |
|
|
Term
| Darwin's theory drew from what 5 scientific disciplines? |
|
Definition
| Geology, paleontology, taxonomy, demography, evolutionary biology. |
|
|
Term
| Who the hell is James Hutton? |
|
Definition
1726-1797
scottish scientist dissatisfied w/ biological interpreation of the planet's history. also founded modern geology with theory of Earth's formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| natural process operating today are the same as natural processes that happened in the past |
|
|
Term
| Who the fuck is Charles Lyell? |
|
Definition
1797- 1703
studied microscopic structure of fossil wood. fossil wood drived from once living trees. he was the first to identify cells and coined the term. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scottish geologist, rediscovered hutton's work and the idea of uniformitariansm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1769-1832
contributed to the concept of extinction. he believes mammoths are extinct because of some CATASTROPHIC event. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doctrine that cataclysmic events...rather than evolutionary processes are responsible for geologic changes throughout Earths history. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1627-1705
pioneered taxonomy based on physical appearance and he created the first scientific classification of plants and animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1707-1778
gave each plant and animal a higher level genus name and a lower level species name. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1766-1834
founded demography, only some will find enough food to survive. theorized that pop. size was limited by food supply. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provided first model of physical traits' passing from parents to offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first proposed by Lamarck himself, theory of evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics in which an organism can then pass on the characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1731- 1802
hypothesized about the inheritance of characteristics acquired. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Darwin's contribution was that natural selection was the primary mechanism of evolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1823 - 1913
english naturalist and explorer. sent darwin a letter showing his works, on the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Is this the guy who Darwin "stole" the idea from? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| darwin believed that each body part contained these...invisible particles. err during fertilization both parents male and female would contribute gemmules to their potential offspring. |
|
|
Term
| What is blending inheritance? |
|
Definition
| outdated, theory that the phenotype of an offspring was a uniform blend of the parents phenotypes. |
|
|
Term
| Who the hell is Gregor Mendel? |
|
Definition
1822 - 1884
christian monk, his observations provided the foundation of genetics...something about fucking pea plants that i dont really care about. shit shit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene has 2 subunits one from father and one from mother, each called an allele. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene that has 2 subunits, one from father and one from mother, each called an allele. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic unit of inheritance, a sequence of DNA on a chromosome coed to produce a specific protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each allele is either dominant or recessive...so if one parents provides a tall allele (T) and the other parents provides a short allele (t) , then the offspring would be "tall" because of the present "tall" allele, which is the dominant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principle associated with the transmission of genetic material forming the basics of genetics. that the physical unites, genes, and alleles of each gene are located in the reproductive cells, eggs, sperm. |
|
|
Term
| what in the hell is genotype? |
|
Definition
| pair of alleles, ex: TT, Tt, tt / combination of alleles for a given gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actual physical appearance, example tall or short. may be influenced by the environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1866-1945
american geneticist/ strand of DNA found in nucleus of eukaryotes that contain hundreds or thousands of genes....genes are on chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a random change in a gene or chromosome thus creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious or neutral...what THE FUCK THAT MEANS! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on changes in gene frequencies and the effects of those changes on adaptation and evolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a third cause of evolution, the diffusion, spread of new genetic material from one population to another of the same species. |
|
|
Term
| give an example of gene flow ya punk |
|
Definition
| the gene that causes sickle cell anemia 10% West Africa and 0.4 American whites, they now are together reproducing so the frequency is 5% for both. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| random change in allele frequency from one generation tot he next, with greater effect in small populations, than large populations. |
|
|
Term
| THEREFORE what are the 4 cause of evolution? |
|
Definition
| natural selection, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to nuclear nDNA which is identical in the nucleus of each cell type (except red blood cells)... because they have no nuclei and hence no DNA. |
|
|
Term
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
|
Definition
| important cellular molecule, created by the mitochondria and carrying the energy necessary for cellular functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mtDNA is this, it can differ among different parts of a person's body or even within the same kinds of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right-twisted, double-helix, ladder like structure, consists of 2 uprights and many rungs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group a sugar, and a single nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group a sugar, and a single nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group a sugar, and a single nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group a sugar, and a single nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group a sugar, and a single nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group a sugar, and a single nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group a sugar, and a single nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group a sugar, and a single nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group a sugar, and a single nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group a sugar, and a single nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building block of DNA, made up of a phosphate group a sugar, and a single nitrogen base |
|
|
Term
| describe the base of DNA fucking DNA |
|
Definition
adenine (A)
thymine (T)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
AT are always pairs GC are always pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during meiosis paternal and maternal chromosomes duplicate |
|
|
Term
| law of independent assortment |
|
Definition
| traits linked to diff. chromosomes are inherited independently from one another, EX: hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes that are on the same chromosome have a better chance of being inherited as a unite |
|
|
Term
| shit that i dont care about |
|
Definition
| i hate everything right now. god please help me. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex chemicals that make up tissues and bring about the function, repair, and growth of tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary component of hair but also skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for physical characteristics such as hair form, eye color, tooth size, and bone shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include: enzymes, hormones, antibodies, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structural protein , the most abundant protein in humans and other mammals and is essential for connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ultimate source of new genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowest levels found in northern erope |
|
|
Term
| somatic and germ-like mutations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| housed in the cytoplasm/ powerhouse of cells/ maternally inherited/ regulating calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tell me everything about the human growth curve |
|
Definition
| highest growth rates during 1st months after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| baby teeth erupt shortly after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| permanent teeth from early in life and erupt at 6 years of age and the first permanenent molars erupt at the age of 12 (molars wait another 6 years) |
|
|
Term
| when does brain growth finish |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth curves of body tissues |
|
Definition
| fastest to slowest: brain, dentition, body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| women and man reach maximum bone mass around age 30. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| post menopause women are often caregivers to their grandchildren |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the long post fertile phase confers an evolutionary advantage/ grandmothers can provide a nutritional provisioning |
|
|
Term
| how do people adapt to envirnonmental extreme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respectively, as latitude increases and temperature decreases both breath increases and vice versa |
|
|
Term
| descrive fingernails - orangutan |
|
Definition
| finger pads with nail support for secure gripping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilophodant (2 ridges) pattern in old world monkeys / Y-5 (five cusps) pattern among apes; 20-30 mya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in old world monkeys and apes the lower jaw has a disathma to accommodate the large canines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female primates expend much energy to rear offspring / she will have few offspring |
|
|
Term
| altricial another word for requiring nourishment |
|
Definition
| to nurse, to rear or to nourish...which i said. newly hatched or born must be cared for by adults/ common among birds and mammals (e.g. woodpeckers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| among primates, great apes have the largest and most complex brains...while prosimians have the smallest and least complex brains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speech areas (broca's wernicke's) are elaborations of pre-existing structures in chimps |
|
|
Term
| explain the primate's brain |
|
Definition
| primates with the greatest mass have the greatest brain mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have larger brain relative to body size |
|
|
Term
| platyrrhine nose characteristic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cattarrhine nose characteristic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos (which is in fact a band) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of quadrupedalism: found in chimpanzees and gorillas |
|
|
Term
| prosimians vs. anthropoid / smell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prosimians vs anthropoids / vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prosimians vs anthropoids / touch |
|
Definition
| claws in some less developed |
|
|
Term
| prosimians vs anthropoids / diet |
|
Definition
| more specialized more tetth in some |
|
|
Term
| prosimians vs anthropoids / intelligence |
|
Definition
| less developed small brain |
|
|
Term
| which species is our closest relative? |
|
Definition
| ramapithecus was the beginning of the hominid line, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sivapithecus - fossil specimens which is found in the 1960s |
|
|
Term
| which living species is our closest relative? |
|
Definition
| wilson and sarich 1967-immunological distance phylogenetic treee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enamel thickness morphology failed...is ancestral to orangutans |
|
|
Term
| what is the resolution of the gorilla-chimpanzee-human trichotomy? |
|
Definition
| dna-dna hybrization data (sibley-ahlquist, 1984) |
|
|
Term
| combining data from multiple loci |
|
Definition
| the trichotomy is resolved using multiple genes // a statistical test supports this analysis |
|
|
Term
| estimated dates for human chimps |
|
Definition
| four decades after Sarich and Wilson's estimate, paleontologists and molecular biologist agree |
|
|
Term
| male and female productive strategies (behavior and outcomes) |
|
Definition
behavior: physical competition for access to females
outcomes: large body size and canines; loud vocalization ability to some |
|
|
Term
| male reproductive strategy and outcome |
|
Definition
behavior: sometime killing of nursing young
outcome: suppressed location, resumption of ovulation, and receptiveness to new partner |
|
|
Term
| male reproductive strategy and outcome |
|
Definition
behavior: physical competition for access to females
outcome: large body size and canines; loud vocalization ability in some |
|
|
Term
| female productive strategy and outcome |
|
Definition
behavior: acquisition of resources for raising young usually in competition with other females
outcome: higher-ranked females provide more resources than lower-ranked females do. |
|
|
Term
| competition and dimorphism |
|
Definition
| body size and canine size related group composition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the higher the rank, the more offspring |
|
|
Term
| chimpanzees in relation to penis size and breast size in apes |
|
Definition
| chimpanzees have large testicles relative to their body size |
|
|
Term
| humans in relation to body size and penis size |
|
Definition
| humans have longer penises and larger breasts relative to their primate cousins |
|
|
Term
| primate residence patterns/ give an example |
|
Definition
| gelada baboons, few new world monkeys, many old war monkeys, baboons, gibbons, orangutans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contents of a single eagles nest yielded these bones; many of the bones include prosimians / solitary young small and small grouped primates are vulnerable. |
|
|
Term
| what are the tertiary period? |
|
Definition
| paleocene - earliest possible primates |
|
|
Term
| what are the tertiary period? |
|
Definition
| paleocene - earliest possible primates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lemur like and tarsier like forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adapids from the euocene period |
|
Definition
| lemur-like forms found in north america , europe and asia |
|
|
Term
| omomyids from euocene period |
|
Definition
| tarsier-lied forms reduced snout |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increased cranial capacities
primate orbital specializations
nails replace claws |
|
|
Term
| oligocene primates in this period |
|
Definition
earliest anthropoids, earliest monkey ancestors
NE africs; egypt
2:1:3:3 dental formula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more apes and primates in miocene
dendriptecus
drypithecus
sirapithecus
gigantopithecus |
|
|
Term
| who is thomas hunt morgan? |
|
Definition
american geneticist, fruit fly experiments
the strand of dna found in the nucleus of eukaryotes that contain hundreds or thousands of genes. genes are on chromosomes just fyi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
combination of darwins theory and mendels theory
genetics and natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on changes in genes frequencies and the effects of those changes on adaptation and evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a third cause of evolution, the diffusion spread of new genetic material from one pop. to another of the same species
genes form one gene pool are transferred to another gene pool.
exchange of alleles btw two populations
example: the gene that causes sickle cell anemia 10% west african and 0% american whites, they now are together reproducing so the frequency is 5% for both.. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4th cause of evolution, random change allele frequency from one generation to the next with greater effect in small populations than large populations |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 causes of evolution? |
|
Definition
natural selection
mutation
gene flow
genetic drift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deoyribonucleic acid, the chemical that makes up chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides genetic code for an organism/ consists of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and 4 types of nitrogen bases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is rosalind franklin? |
|
Definition
| used x-ray diffraction to produce high-quality images of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| takes place in the nucleus and is part of cell division produces new somatic cells (mitosis) or the production of new gamets )meiosis |
|
|
Term
| 2 steps of dna replication |
|
Definition
step 1 - strand of dna unzips to form template,
step 2 - templates plus nucleotides in the nucleus match with the newly exposed template strands of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| matening, pairs / each pair included the fathers contribution (paternal chromosome) and the mothers contribution (maternal chromosome) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristics of the chromosomes for an individual organism or a species, such as a number, size and type. include all of the autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pair of chromosomes that determine an organism bilogical sex. |
|
|
