1 Does Evolution guides the organism toward better solutions to fundamental problems? Why not?

It leads to a new development or modification of the species that creates new possibilities. Other times, like the dinosaur, it leads to extinction. The study of evolution is about change.

2. Originally, all humans lived in hunter-gatherer societies, but by __________years ago about half of all humans were engaged in some form of agriculture.

3.  Define & provide examples of a (n) proximate and an ultimate question.

Proximal questions are questions that ask how a phenomenon works, "how" questions. Ultimate questions are questions that ask why a behavior or trait occurs, "why" questions.

4. The fusiform face area (FFA), located in the ________ lobe, is a complex set of brain structures _____________________.

5. The scientific principle of parsimony states____________________________________.

6. When doing science, we must not only consider what evidence supports our hypothesis, we must also consider _________________.

7. According to philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn, a paradigm refers to the _____________.

8. The present-day eye evolved from a structure that detected________________.

9. Vestigial structures retain previous physiology that is neither __________nor FUNCTIONAL.

10. __________ independently developed a theory of evolution similar to Darwin’s

11. During Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle, his thinking was greatly influenced by the geographer _________who believed the earth’s age was ________.

12. What amazed Darwin about the Galápagos Islands was the________________________.

13. Darwin discovered what on the Galápagos Islands (3 things)?

1.  100 flowering plants that existed only on these islands
2. The birds found on one of the ten islands were different from those found on the rest of the islands
3. Differently shaped beaks on the birds of each of the islands

14. Darwin’s thinking began with the assumption that ________________.

15. Once back in England, Darwin’s idea of natural selection was inspired by his observations of _____.

16. The biological concept of species is defined as a group that ______________.

17. The term adaptive radiation refers to the situation in which ________________________.

19. Through the process of adaptation, organisms will _________________________.

21. Descartes argued that humans and animals___________________.

22. Morgan’s Canon directs that scientific explanations should be as _____ as possible.

23. Galton laid the groundwork for the future study of __________________.

24. The biogenetic law, stated as “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny,” means that __________can be seen as paralleling the evolutionary history of the species.

25. Sigmund Freud incorporated Darwin’s emphasis on instinct into his work, but he emphasized ___________________________.

26. Jung’s idea of the collective unconscious reflects the manner in which the expressive predispositions of current-day humans are the result of _______________.

27. William James was particularly interested in the ______ aspects of psychological processes.

28. William James disagreed with other scholars of his day in his belief that humans had ________ instincts than other animals.

29. J.B. Watson argued that the proper study of psychology was ________________.

30. Skinner suggested that such concepts as freedom, will, dignity, and other concepts referring to the mind or internal states ______________.

31. __________ is a process that results in heritable changes in a population over many generations.

32. “Why do peacocks have colorful tails?” is an example of a (n) _______ question.

33. Kuhn pointed out that, at different periods in the history of science, some questions are overemphasized and others ignored; he called the topics we study and the types of questions we ask a (n) ______.

34. Evolution by natural selection can only work when there is _______, giving some organisms a survival and reproductive advantage over others.

35. The manner in which males and females choose to mate is known as ____________ and this is also an important factor in evolution.

36. The best-fit line through the values on a scatter plot is called a (n) ________.

38. The tendency for ideas that are presented together in time to be mentally called forth together is known as ________.

39. Freud believed the nervous system was capable of retaining and discharging a type of energy he called Q, _________________________.

40. In Freud’s theory, ___________ refers to the ability of higher cognitive functions to inhibit the experience of lower ones.

41. According to Jung, the ______________ reflects the manner in which the expressive predispositions of current-day humans are the result of evolutionary pressures on our ancestors.

42. Jung referred to the universal patterns of thought that are available to all humans as _______.

43. In response to those who said humans were different from other animals in that they lacked instincts, James replied, “Man has a far greater variety of ______than any lower animal.”

44. Watson said the proper study of psychology was ______ and not the mind.

45. Skinner developed a process of shaping behavior through reinforcement is known as _____________.

46. Prior to 10,000 years ago, there was no agriculture, and all humans lived in _______ societies.

47. The _____________, located in the temporal lobe, is a complex set of brain structures for making, recognizing, and discriminating between facial expressions.

48. Newton suggested that the same forces that cause rocks to fall to the earth in England will also cause rocks to fall in Africa or Asia; this is an example of the scientific principle of ____________.

49. Organisms may retain previous physiology that is neither adaptive nor functional; these are called ______________.

50. What is the name of the ship that Darwin traveled to the Galápagos Islands on?

During the time Darwin lived there was a great intellectual focus on the historical changes in the natural world.  Men such as, Sir Charles Lyell were already theorizing that the natural geography of the world was not merely 6,000 years old, but far older.  Lyell’s book Principles in Geology encouraged C. Darwin during his trip to South America on the HMS Beagle.  However, both C. Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace were men that focused on plants and animals only Darwin focused his attention to theorizing applications of evolution to all life on Earth.  Wallace, like many of his day, sought to conceptualize modern man apart from all other life on earth because he felt the concepts of evolution were difficult to apply to modern man.  After some time spent in the Galapagos Islands Darwin developed his ideas about natural selection, but would not publish until 1859.  When he finally wrote On Origin of Species he allowed himself to adopt a theory derived by the man named T. Malthus.  Malthus was an economist that explained the concept of exponential growth of a human population.

52. The peppered moth in England is commonly used to illustrate natural selection in action. Explain

During Industrial Revolution, trees were dirty with soot and the bark was darker. The darker variation of moth's population increased because their coloring was now effective camouflage, and the lighter colored ones were eaten because they no longer could blend in. This process reversed after pollution controls were put into place and the trees regained the lighter bark color.

3. Discuss the roles of natural selection and sexual selection in the evolution of species.

Natural selection - In each generation there are variations that appear to happen randomly. The individuals that survive are also the ones that live to mate. It is their characteristics that are passed on to the next generation. Natural selection focuses on those characteristics that help an organism survive in the context of its particular environment.

Sexual selection - According to Darwin, sexual selection depends on the success of certain individuals over others of the same sex. Characteristics that make one more attractive to a mate will be passed on to future generations. Within the same sex, characteristics such as strength or cunning that allow one to compete and control reproduction will also have a greater chance of being passed on to future generations because those without the trait have fewer chances to mate.

54. Discuss how Galton, Freud, Jung, and James extended Darwin’s theory to the study of human cognitive processes.

Darwin for a very long time studied the evolution of animals and all the different species that developed which developed into the theory of Natural Selection.

After much independent study he began to think of human beings and the way we came to be in a very evolutionary perspective. Later after he had discovered the theory of natural selection he extended his discoveries to also include sexual selection.

In Darwin’s book of The Descent of Man and selection in relation to sex (1874), he dedicated the second section and third section of the book to the sexual selection of animals and humans. In this book he extended the idea of sexual selection about humans and their reproductive organs. But in other writings, in his notebooks he does go into to discuss his thinking to cognitive and emotional processes. He found that non-humans had shown attributes of problem solving and consciousness. He noticed that humans made selections and classifications outside of awareness. He found that humans were not always logical or rational in the manner in which they behave and experience the world. He actually suggested that humans descended from a less highly organized form, but that we share similar structures and processes with other animals. Even he went as far to say that we humans share some of the same mental faculties.

With this notion other very highly influential psychologist who had done their own research who were all inspired by the writings and discoveries of Darwin all wrote and experimented with their influences to form their own theory’s, ideas and or concepts.

Galton, the study of individual differences with a focus related to intellectual abilities. He talked about inheritance, genes and the organic world. Which relates to the article published in the journal of the mind that Darwin wrote in regards to infants and how they develop as advanced species relating this to conception of the human beings and the evolutionary history behind the human species.

Freud was into Darwin’s scientific findings and ran with Darwin’s concept of instinct, with more of a focus on the sexual selection versus the natural selection theory.

Jung viewed human behavior and experience on a much broader term, if there is evolution of the body then why not suggest there is evolution of the consciousness?