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| the study of matter and energy |
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| all matter, living and non-living is made up of |
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| 4 elements make up 96% of all living organisms |
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| carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
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| 3 components atoms are made of |
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| protons, neutrons, electrons |
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| tells us how many protons an atom has |
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| atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons |
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| tom with a different number of neutrons has an unstable nucleus that emits particles to reach a more stable state is called |
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| if an atom has the same number of protons and electron then it is |
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| outermost shell of an atom is called its |
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| atom has lost an electron it is charged |
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| atom has gained an electron is is charged |
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| another name for ion that has lost electron , gained electron |
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| substance made up of two or more atoms |
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| if an atom has its outermost shel completely filled, that atom will be |
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| strongest type of chemical bond |
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| bond that is formed between Na+ and Cl- |
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| bond that forms between water molecules |
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| weakest type of chemical bond |
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| bond that is formed when atoms donate or gain electrons |
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| bond that is formed between oxygen and hydrogen in water |
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| bond that involves the sharing of electrons between atoms |
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| bond held together by an attraction between charged ions |
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| used in our blood to maintain the correct pH and maintain homeostasis |
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| in the pH scale, which range of numbers would be used to represent a solution with less H+ than OH ion? |
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| stored energy can be called |
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| energy of motion is called |
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| Carbon has 6 electrons. how many are in first shell? 2nd shell? |
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| carbon tends to form how many covalent bonds? |
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| phosphate, glycerol, fatty acids |
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| which type of macromolecule is the primary quick energy storage form for plants? |
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| which type of macromolecule is responsible for producing steroids like testeosterone and estrogen |
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| 4 levels of protein organization |
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| primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
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| what type of reaction does the cell use to synthesize glycogen from glucose subunits? |
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| what type of bond joins 2 amino acids together |
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| type of protein that acts as a biological catalyst? |
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| what happens when a protein loses its structure and function due to high temperatures |
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| which type of nucleic acid forms a double helix and is always found in the nucleus? |
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| In a dna molecule what are the 4 bases |
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Definition
| adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine |
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| what type of bonds join the bases in the double-stranded DNA? |
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| what type of sugar is found in DNA? |
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| what type of sugar is found in RNA? |
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| which base is only found in RNA? what does it replace |
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| another name for a simple carbohydrate that is just made of one monomer? |
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| what type of organic macromolecule is found as the main component of cellular mambranes? |
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| what do we call a lipid that is of animal origin and is a solid at room temperature? |
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| a polysaccharide is a long chain of subunits |
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| what are the components of a triglyceride |
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| which type of polysaccharide is found in plant cell walls? |
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| how many different kinds of amino acids are there? |
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| what property of water allows the jesus lizard to run across the water without sinking? |
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| what property of water makes it a good transport fluid in our circulatory system? |
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| 3 functions of proteins in living organisms |
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| defense, regulation, transport |
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| what part of a nucleotide is variable? |
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| water held behind a dam has a large amount of |
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| molecules that are polar and attracted to water are |
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| molecules that are nonpolar and therefore not attracted to water are |
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| evaporation of water from the skin results in a(n) in body temperature |
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| the acidity or alkalinity of a solution can be measure in terms of |
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| large organic molecules that are compsed of thousands of smaller molecules bonded to one another are known as |
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| process by which cells break down organic macromolecules into theri subunits is |
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| lipid molecule composed of four joined carbon rings are known as |
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| polypeptide is generally referred to as a if it has more than 100 amino aids and has folded into a complex structure with a specific function. |
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| molecule that stores the set of instructions of a clel and directs everything a cell does is |
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| 3 basic principles of cell theory |
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| 1. composed of cells 2. single cell smallest unit that eibits all characteristics of life 3. cells come from other cells |
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| main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
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| presence/absence of nucleus |
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| organisms in the domain Archaea have what type of cells |
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| organisms in the domain eukarya have what type of cells? |
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| what do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes? |
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| both need to make proteins |
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| some bacteria cells have flagela. What is the function of the flagella? |
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| site of protein synthesis is |
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| this organelle is responsible for the production of lipids in the cell |
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| control center of the cell is |
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| membrane bound storage and shipping containers are called |
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| site of photosynthesis in plant cells |
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| vesicles that contain enzymes and are responsible for eliminating toxic wastes are called |
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| inner scaffolding of the cell that forms a framework for the membrane and organelles is called |
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Definition
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| plasma membrane is primarily composed of these 3 components |
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Definition
| phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins |
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| what type of moevement across a plasma membrane occurs from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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| passive transport; diffusion |
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| what type of proteins are found only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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| what type of proteins are found spanning the membrane from inside to outside |
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Definition
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| the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called |
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Definition
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| function of an aquaporin in the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| move large amounts of water molecules |
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| what is the primary function of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| control movement of molecules into/out of cell |
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| molecules that are polar and dissolve in water |
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Definition
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| requires energy to move molecules across membrane |
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| description of the plasma membrane |
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| controls excess fluidity in the membrane |
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| part of the cells fingerprint: carbohydrates attached to lipids |
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| bulk transport out of the cell |
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| type of protein that forms a pore for molecules to cross membrane |
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| bulk transport ino the cell |
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| molecules that are non-polar and avoid water |
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| movement of O2 and CO2 through the membrane |
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| transport of molecules across a membrane using energy is called |
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Definition
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| what type of molecule makes up the main part of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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most cells are very small in order to maximize their
with respect to their volume |
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Definition
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| plasma membranes become less fluid when is present |
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| the plasma membrane regulates the transport of molecules into and out of the cell by allowing only certain substances to pass, thus is is said to be |
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Definition
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| the movement of large molecules or large quantities of molecules into a cell is accomplished through |
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Definition
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| the area surrounding cells outside the plasma membrane is referred to as the |
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| if a cell has a higher concentration of solutes than its surrounding environment, its tonicity is in relation to the extracellular environment. |
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| if a cell has a lower concentration of solutes than its surrounding environment, its tonicity is in relation to the extracellular environment. |
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