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| Anything that occupies space and has mass |
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| The ability to do work or put matter into motion |
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| The energy of moving objects/motion |
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| Inactive or stored energy |
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| Energy that is stored in the bonds of chemical substances |
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| Energy that is the result of charged particles |
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| Energy that is directly involved in moving matter |
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| Energy that travels in waves; energy of the electromagnetic spectrum |
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| Unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances or chemically interconverted |
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| Neutral/no charge; subatomic particles that reside in the nucleus of atoms |
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| Positively charged subatomic particles that reside in the nucleus of atoms |
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| Negativel charged subatomic particles that reside in orbitals surrouding the nucleus of atoms |
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| The number of protons that an element's atoms contain |
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| Sum of the masses of all the protons and neutrons contained in an atom's nucleus |
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| Contain the same number of protons and electrons, but differ in the number of neutrons |
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| Approximately equal to the mass number of an atom's most abundant isotope |
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| Unstable isotopes that decompose to become more stable |
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| The process of spontaneous atomic decay |
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| Two or more atoms of the same element that are chemically combined |
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| Two or more atoms of different elements that are chemically combined |
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| The bonding or dissociating of atoms |
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| Generally fixed regions of space around the nucleus of an atom where electrons reside (max-7) |
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| The atom's outermost electron shell; electrons in this shell determine the chemical behavior/bonding of the atom |
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| When electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another |
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| When electrons are shared between two atoms; if shared unequally is a polar molecule |
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| Weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded with another atom is attracted to other covalently bonded atoms |
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| When two or more atoms combine to form a larger, more complex molecule; energy-absorbing |
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| When a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions; energy-releasing |
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| Bonds are both made and broken |
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| Atoms that have lost/gained an electron, thereby gaining an electrical charge |
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| Negatively charged ions (more electrons) |
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| Positively charged ions (less electrons) |
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| Ionic compounds NOT including H+ or OH- |
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| Tend to lack carbon and be small, simple molecules |
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| Carbon-containing compounds, tend to be large covalently bonded molecules |
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| When different parts of the same molecule are bonded together in a unique 3-dimensional shape |
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| Essential properties of Water |
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Definition
| High heat capacity, polarity/solvent properties, chemical reactivity, cushioning |
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| A liquid or gas in which solutes can be dissolved or suspended |
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| Mixtures in which solute particles are tiny |
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| Mixtures in which solute particles are fairly large |
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| Translucent mixtures with solute particles of intermediate size |
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| When water molecules assist in the break down of larger molecules |
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| a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction |
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| Substances that conduct an electrical current in solution |
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| A substance that can release hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts (and anions); proton donors (A<7) |
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| A substance that can release hydroxyl ions (OH-) in detectable amounts (and cations); proton acceptors (Also bicarbonate ion: HCO3-) (B>7) |
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| When acids and bases react to form water and salts |
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| Measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution-each step represents 10X increase in H+ (1 being most concentrated) |
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| The reactive parts of organic molecules |
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| Chain-like molecules made of many similar/repeating units |
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| When a hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group are removed from two monomers; water molecule released (opposite of hydrolysis) |
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| Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in ratios of 2H per 1O |
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| Simple sugars; single chain/ring structure with 3-7 carbon atoms (EX: Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose, galactose) |
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| 2 covalently bonded monosaccharides; (Ex: Sucrose, lactose, maltose) |
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| Long, branching chains of simple sugars; insoluble storage products (Ex: starch, glycogen) |
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| Contain C, H, O atoms with Carbon and Hydrogen far outnumbering Oxygen; insoluble in water |
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| Composed of 3 fatty acids per 1 glycerol molecule |
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| Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats |
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Definition
Saturated: Solids at room temperature-straight fatty acid chains.
Unsaturated: Liquids with kinks in fatty acid chains |
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| Solidified oils due to the addition of hydrogen atoms |
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| Similar to triglycerides but have phosphorous group and 2 fatty acid chains |
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Definition
| Flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings (Ex: Cholesterol) |
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| Building blocks of proteins; contain amine group (NH2) with basic properties and acid group (COOH) (R-groups-uniqueness) |
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| Amino acid chains containing fewer than 50 amino acids |
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| Consist of amino acid chains ranging from 50-thousands of amino acids |
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| Primary Structure (Protein) |
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Definition
| The unique sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain |
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Definition
| Alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet; reinforced by hydrogen bonds |
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| Tertiary Structure (Protein) |
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| Three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide/protein; reinforced by chemical bonds between R-groups |
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| Quaternary Structure (Protein) |
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| 2 or more polypeptide chains |
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| Coiled amino acid chain; stabilized by H bonds, which link diff parts of same chain together |
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| Primary polypeptide chains are linked by H bonds in pleated ribbon-like sheet; diff chains or diff parts of same chain may link together |
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| Structural proteins; important in binding structures together and providing strength (Ex: collagen, keratin) |
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| Functional proteins; Tertiary or quaternary structure and water-soluble; play crucial roles in bio processes |
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| Functional proteins that act as biological catalysts; named with -ase suffix |
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| Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed |
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| Reacting molecules in a chemical reaction |
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| Compose genes, which dictate protein composition; composed of P-O-N-C-H |
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Definition
| Building blocks of nucleic acids, contain N-base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| Genetic material found in cell nuclei; provides instructions for protein creation; composed of AGCT bases |
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Definition
| Carries out orders for protein synthesis; composed of AGCU bases |
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Definition
A-adenine
G-guanine
C-cytosine
T-thymine
U-uracil |
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Definition
| Carries the info for building proteins from DNA to ribosomes |
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Definition
| Forms part of ribosomes; oversees translation and binding of amino acids |
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| Ferries amino acids to ribosome |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| Provides a form of chemical energy that all body cells can use |
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